Comparative Evolution of GII.3 and GII.4 Norovirus over a 31-Year Period

Boon, Denali; Mahar, Jackie E.; Abente, Eugenio J.; Kirkwood, Carl D.; Purcell, Robert H.; Kapikian, Albert Z.; Green, Kim Y.; Bok, Karin

doi:10.1128/jvi.00472-11

Cited by 138 publications

(139 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…Virus-like particles from the GII-4 genocluster demonstrated that variation in the receptor binding domain showed differential HBGA binding and altered antigenicity. In recent studies, GII-3 NoVs also evolved at a similar rate to that of GII-4 NoVs in the P2 domain [28]. Interaction and co-variation of VP1 with VP2 may explain the functionally driven hypervariability of VP2 which affects VP1 dimerization and self-assembly of virion [29].…”

Section: Pathogenesis and Immunitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Noroviruses: Recent Updates

Chung

2012

Pediatr Gastroenterol Hepatol Nutr

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Noroviruses (NoVs) are one major etiologic agent in acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in all ages and are the primary cause of food-borne gastroenteritis worldwide. GII-4 NoVs has predominated since 1990s, and novel recombinant strains have been reported worldwide. Researchers face difficulties in making vaccines and therapeutic agents against NoVs due to the lack of cell culture and animal-model systems and the rapid emergence of novel variant strains. Recently, a randomized clinical trial for intranasal NoVs vaccine has been reported, which casts a light in the way of vaccine production. This review discusses the recent findings on the structure, immunity, and vaccination of NoVs. (Pediatr Gastroenterol Hepatol Nutr 2012; 15: 1∼7)

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Section: Pathogenesis and Immunitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Noroviruses: Recent Updates

Chung

2012

Pediatr Gastroenterol Hepatol Nutr

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“…Seven virus-like particles (VLPs) representing norovirus GII.3 strains isolated from stool samples collected between 1975 and 2008 in Victoria, Australia, and Washington, DC, were produced to create a time-ordered panel of GII.3 VLPs. GII.3 VLPs were expressed using the baculovirus expression system as previously described by Boon and colleagues (10 for recombination into baculovirus DNA using the BaculoDirect C-term expression kit (Invitrogen). The recombinant baculovirus strain was transfected into Sf9 cells (Invitrogen) and passaged in suspension culture to express VLPs.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The high incidence of norovirus GII.3 strains in the pediatric population compared to the adult demographic may be due to the development of herd immunity and limited evolution of immunological epitopes (10). Antibodies produced in response to GII.3 infection have been shown to cross-react with other genotypes; however, there is limited information regarding the level of GII.3 intragenotype cross-reactivity and the location and sequence variability of GII.3 epitopes (31,44,45).…”

mentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Genotype II.4 (GII.4) is the most common genotype circulating worldwide, with at least eight variants having given rise to large global epidemics every 2 to 6 years since 1995 (9). Genotype II.3 (GII.3) is a common cause of sporadic pediatric infections (10)(11)(12)(13), and 70% of children show evidence of GII.3 infection by 2 years of age (14). In sporadic infections in infants and young children, GII.3 strains often predominate, and they were particularly prevalent throughout the late 1970s, late 1980s (10), and early 1990s (15,16) and in the early and late 2000s (13,(17)(18)(19)(20).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Identification and Characterization of Antibody-Binding Epitopes on the Norovirus GII.3 Capsid

Mahar¹,

Donker²,

Bok³

et al. 2014

J Virol

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Genotype II.3 (GII.3) noroviruses are a major cause of sporadic gastroenteritis, particularly in children. The greater incidence of GII.3 noroviruses in the pediatric population compared to the adult demographic suggests development of herd immunity to this genotype, possibly as a consequence of limited evolution of immune epitopes. This study aimed to identify and characterize immune epitopes on the GII.3 capsid protein and to determine the level of immune cross-reactivity within the genotype. A panel of seven GII.3 virus-like particles (VLPs), representing norovirus strains isolated during 1975 to 2008, was tested by enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for reactivity with human sera and a rabbit anti-GII.3 strain-specific polyclonal serum generated against the 2008 GII.3 VLP. Immunoprecipitation of protease-digested GII.3 VLPs and sequencing of bound peptides via mass spectrometry were used to locate epitopes on the capsid. Two epitopes were investigated further using Mimotopes technology. Serum binding studies demonstrated complete intragenotype GII.3 cross-reactivity using both human and rabbit serum. Six immunoreactive regions containing epitopes were located on the GII.3 capsid protein, two within each capsid domain. Epitopes in the S and P1 domains were highly conserved within GII.3 noroviruses. P2 domain epitopes were variable and contained evolutionarily important residues and histo-blood group antigen (HBGA) binding residues. In conclusion, anti-GII.3 antibody-binding epitopes are highly cross-reactive and mostly conserved within GII.3 strains. This may account for the limited GII.3 prevalence in adults and suggests that a GII.3 strain may be a valuable inclusion in a multivalent pediatric targeted VLP vaccine. Exploration of norovirus immune epitopes is vital for effective vaccine design. IMPORTANCEThis study represents an important contribution to the understanding of norovirus immunology in a pediatric genotype. The high cross-reactivity and conservation of GII.3 epitopes suggest development of herd immunity against GII.3 and indicate that a GII.3 strain would be a valuable inclusion in a pediatric targeted multivalent vaccine. Immunological understanding of pediatric norovirus strains is important since norovirus vaccines will likely target high-risk groups such as the pediatric population.

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“…The sensitivity and specificity of RT-PCR assays are strongly associated with primer design. RT-PCR tests to detect NoVs are challenged by the high molecular diversity of the viruses since new variant strains continue to evolve incessantly [36]. It is difficult to select a single oligonucleotide primer set with sufficient sensitivity and specificity to detect all the NoV strains [33].…”

Section: Reverse Transcription-pcrmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nucleic Acid Detection of Major Foodborne Viral Pathogens Human: Noroviruses and Hepatitis A Virus

Chen¹

2016

Nucleic Acids - From Basic Aspects to Laboratory Tools

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Human noroviruses (hNoVs) and hepatitis A virus (HAV) are the leading cause of foodborne viral illness, and they exact a considerable economic and health toll worldwide. The detection of viral contamination in foods requires highly sensitive and accurate methods, due to the intrinsically low amounts of viruses and the complexity of the sample matrices. In recent years, a wide variety of nucleic acid-based molecular methods have been developed for the detection of hNoVs and HAV, displaying superior sensitivity, specificity, and speed. This chapter aims to provide a summary of the application of the molecular methods for the detection of the two important foodborne viruses.

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Comparative Evolution of GII.3 and GII.4 Norovirus over a 31-Year Period

Cited by 138 publications

References 44 publications

Noroviruses: Recent Updates

Noroviruses: Recent Updates

Identification and Characterization of Antibody-Binding Epitopes on the Norovirus GII.3 Capsid

Nucleic Acid Detection of Major Foodborne Viral Pathogens Human: Noroviruses and Hepatitis A Virus

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