Comparative evaluation of caffeine content in Arabian coffee with other caffeine beverages

Abstract

It is well documented that caffeine is the world's most widely consumed drug with its main source found in coffee. In the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), diabetes and obesity are major health problems. Caffeine is attested as a potential drug for treating obesity, hepatic fibrosis, and preventing or delaying diabetes. The aim of this work is to evaluate the caffeine content of the Arabian coffee in comparison to Turkish coffee and instant coffee, in order to better adjust daily caffeine consumption. All types of coffee were prepared based on traditional ways in KSA. The average consumed coffee per normal person is assumed to be, 6 Arabian, 2 Nescafe or 1 Turkish cups per day. High performance liquid chromatography technique was used for caffeine measurement using paracetamol as an internal standard. Generally, coffee is prepared with other additives, liquid-liquid extraction was used for the extraction caffeine and paracetamol as an internal standard. HPLC method validated was over the range of 1 to 100 μg with good linearity (r²=0.991). Validation data proved that the method is accurate with average of 102%. Caffeine contents of Arabian coffee, Nescafe®, and Turkish coffee were found to be 4.1, 43.4 and 82.8 mg/cup, respectively. One cup of Turkish coffee contains caffeine as much as 2 Nescafe® and 20 Arabian cups. Gold Nescafe® contains about 20% less caffeine than classic. The caffeine content of each type of marketed coffee was accurately measured. An individual Arabian coffee consumer, who is drinking an average of 6 cups/day, can safely increase the number of cups or cup size in order to obtain more caffeine. The other choice for increasing caffeine ingestion is to think of Turkish coffee and/or Nescafe® as a substitute, in order to maintain caffeine at a therapeutic range for better health.

Arabic Coffee Consumption and Its Correlation to Obesity Among the General Population in the Eastern Province, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

“…On the other hand, a Canadian study showed that the frequency of coffee consumption alone has no association with measures of obesity, but the additives used with it have been shown to have a direct relation to BMI and waist circumference [ 16 ]. Similarly, in this study, the risk of obesity when drinking Arabic coffee alone was less since the component of caffeine was minimal compared to other kinds of coffee [ 17 ]. Thus, the increase in BMI level could be due to the additives and food consumption along with Arabic coffee [ 17 ].…”

“…Similarly, in this study, the risk of obesity when drinking Arabic coffee alone was less since the component of caffeine was minimal compared to other kinds of coffee [ 17 ]. Thus, the increase in BMI level could be due to the additives and food consumption along with Arabic coffee [ 17 ].…”

Investigation of the effects of different beverages on the disintegration time of over-the-counter medications in Saudi Arabia

“…Likewise, energy drinks, particularly Code Red, were found to be the top consumed energy drinks in Saudi Arabia compared to other types of energy drinks ( Alrasheedi, 2016 , Alsunni and Badar, 2011 , Subaiea et al, 2019 ). Coffee is widely consumed worldwide, and traditional arabic coffee is the most widespread coffee in Saudi Arabia ( Alfawaz et al, 2020 , Jalloun and Alhathlool, 2020 , Naser et al, 2018 ). Arabic coffee is a slightly roasted dry coffee bean mixed with spices such as cardamom, cloves and saffron.…”

“…In Saudi Arabia, arabic coffee, soft drinks, energy drinks, and butter fermented milk (Laban) are the most frequently consumed drinks ( Islam et al, 2020 , Jalloun and Alhathlool, 2020 , Nada and Sami, 2018 , Naser et al, 2018 , Otaibi, 2017 , Subaiea et al, 2019 ). Therefore, there is an urgent need to study the impact of these beverages on OTC medication disintegration in Saudi Arabia.…”

The Association Between Coffee Consumption and Local Anesthesia Failure: Social Beliefs and Scientific Evidence

“…The caffeine content in each cup calculation was done based on estimates reported in several studies and the United States (US) Food and Drug Administration (FDA) database, which has provided the caffeine content in beverages and drugs. These values when multiplied by the average size of one cup (240 ml for regular coffee and 25 ml for Arabic Gahwa) and the number of cups will give an estimate of the caffeine content consumed [17][18].…”