Comparative effects of A1 versus A2 beta-casein on gastrointestinal measures: a blinded randomised cross-over pilot study

Ho, Suleen; Woodford, Keith B.; Kukuljan, Sonja; Pal, Sebely

doi:10.1038/ejcn.2014.127

Cited by 100 publications

(75 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…For the casein-derived exorphin β-casomorphin-7 effects on the gastrointestinal effects are likely since sufficient concentrations are released in the intestinal lumen during casein digestion [36]. Intestinal transit is reduced in animals fed milk containing A1 β-casein [37] and evidence of changes to gut function has recently been reported in healthy volunteers [38]. Whether systemically delivered exorphins exert biologically significant opioid actions remains contentious, but is the basis of exorphin hypothesis for autism and schizophrenia.…”

Section: Components Of Wheatmentioning

confidence: 99%

Other Dietary Confounders: FODMAPS et al.

Gibson

Muir

Newnham

2015

Dig Dis

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Background: While it is well documented and widely appreciated that ingestion of wheat (and less so rye and barley) is associated with gastrointestinal symptoms such as bloating or abdominal pain, the component of wheat to which such an effect is attributed is less well established. Key Messages: Wheat is a complex of proteins (80% gluten, 20% metabolic proteins), carbohydrates (starch, non-starch polysaccharides, fructans), lipids and other components. The majority of attention has focused on gluten as the culprit in triggering symptoms, but re-challenge studies have nearly all used wheat flour-related products (such as bread) as the stimulus. When carbohydrate-deplete gluten was used as the challenge agent, gluten-specific feelings of depression and not gut symptoms were observed in those who fulfilled strict criteria of ‘non-coeliac gluten sensitivity', thereby underlining the complexity of cereals and of undertaking research in this area. Candidate components other than gluten include poorly absorbed oligosaccharides (mainly fructans), non-gluten wheat proteins such as amylase-trypsin inhibitors or wheat germ agglutinin, and exorphins released during the digestion of gluten. Specific biological and/or clinical effects associated with gluten-free diets or wheat ingestion need to be carefully dissected before attribution to gluten can be claimed. Conclusions: Currently, coeliac disease is the only common condition that has been unequivocally linked to gluten. Inaccurate attribution will be associated with suboptimal therapeutic advice and at least partly underlies the current gluten-free epidemic gripping the Western world.

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Section: Components Of Wheatmentioning

confidence: 99%

Other Dietary Confounders: FODMAPS et al.

Gibson

Muir

Newnham

2015

Dig Dis

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“…β-casomorphins were found after the in vitro simulation of pancreatic and intestinal digestion, but not after the simulation of stomach digestion. After the consumption of cow's milk in human adults considerable concentrations of β-CM7 were shown in the gut [89,90]. After the formation of β-CM7 in the gut and if β-CM7 is able to cross the intestinal membrane, considerable concentrations of β-CM7 should be found in the blood and urine.…”

Section: Mechanisms Of Brain Effects By Casein Derivedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Untitled

2015

HCIIN

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There is a rising interest in the use of dietary interventions to ameliorate prevalent brain diseases, including Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Nowadays, the existence of communication between gut and brain is well accepted and thus diet can influence brain functioning. A well-known nutrition based intervention for ASD is the gluten-free and casein-free diet. However, only some of the patients experience a relief in symptoms and thus efficacy seems to be limited to certain phenotypes. However, not much is known about the mechanism of action through which this diet might work, or about interpersonal differences that could lead to variation in response to the diet. Current evidence for efficacy of the GFCF diet is poor. Large scale, good quality randomized controlled trials are needed. Genetic and environmentally induced interpersonal differences were found in intestinal membrane permeability and blood brain barrier integrity as well as in activity of peptidase enzymes. These differences probably affect responsiveness to the diet. In addition, age and duration of the dietary intervention play a role in the efficacy of the gluten-free and casein-free diet. This is the reason why all these factors need to be taken into account to give appropriate advice about whether or not to follow this diet.Keywords: Autism spectrum disorder; Casein-free; Casomorphin; Diet; Gluten-free; Intervention; Opioid; Peptides; Permeability Treating Autism Spectrum Disorder with Gluten-free and Casein-free Diet: The underlying Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis MechanismsCitation: Cieślińska A, Kostyra E, Savelkoul HFJ (2017) Treating Autism Spectrum Disorder with • (GFCF) diet is strongly promoted while there are additional diets without salicylates and phenols, and anti-candida diets since many ASD patients are affected by this yeast [17]. However, so far it has been difficult to prove the effectiveness of this diet in all patients [10,18]. Limited information is available on the underlying mechanism as well as explanatory factors of differences in response to the GFCF diet. Here, we focus on the mechanism of action underlying this dietary intervention as well as the origin of differences in response to the GFCF diet. Gluten-Free and Casein-Free Diet Might Alleviate Autism Spectrum Disorder SymptomsPeople with ASD are often in need of intensive care and guidance, leading to loss of parental productivity and high emotional and economic costs [8,19]. Therefore it is important to investigate potential treatments that alleviate the symptoms or preferably cure the disease. So far, sometimes life long, educational and behavioral interventions are used, although these therapies have limited efficacy for ASD [6,20]. Currently, there is growing interest in nutritional interventions for this disorder and there are promising mechanisms underlying the putative success of such interventions [19].In 1983 it was suggested that gluten and casein containing products could cause autism-like symptoms by altering the functioning of the brain. It was propo...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, EFSA did not recommend any formal risk linked to such food-derived peptides. In all cases, nowadays "A2 milk" is produced in different countries, and further studies have been carried out on the disadvantages of A1 milk, mainly pointing out its potential negative effects on human digestive function [11][12][13][14]. Different methods are available for the separation and quantification of bovine milk protein variants by reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) [15] or high resolution HPLC-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) [16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detecting β-Casein Variation in Bovine Milk

et al. 2016

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Abstract:In bovine species, β-casein (β-CN) is characterized by genetic polymorphism. The two most common protein variants are β-CN A 2 (the original one) and A 1 , differing from A 2 for one amino acid substitution (Pro 67 to His 67 ). Several bioactive peptides affecting milk nutritional properties can originate from β-CN. Among them, β-casomorphin-7 (BCM7) ranging from amino acid 60 to 66 can be released more easily from β-CN variants carrying His 67 (A 1 type) instead of Pro 67 (A 2 type). Nowadays, "A2 milk" is produced in different countries claiming its potential benefits in human health. The aim of this study was to further develop and apply an isoelectric focusing electrophoresis (IEF) method to bulk and individual milk samples in order to improve its use for β-CN studies. We succeeded in identifying A2 milk samples correctly and quantifying the percentage of A 2 , A 1 , and B variants in bulk samples not derived from A2 milk as well as in individual milk samples. The method allows us to quantify the relative proportion of β-CN variants in whole milk without eliminating whey protein by acid or enzymatic precipitation of caseins. The aim of this study was also to study the different behavior of β-CN and β-lactoglobulin (β-LG) in the presence of trichloroacetic acid (TCA). The higher sensitivity of β-CN to TCA allows quantifying β-CN variants after TCA fixation because β-LG is not visible. Monitoring β-CN variation in cattle breeds is important in order to maintain a certain balance between Pro 67 and His 67 in dairy products. Overall, the debate between A1 and A2 milk needs further investigation.

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Comparative effects of A1 versus A2 beta-casein on gastrointestinal measures: a blinded randomised cross-over pilot study

Cited by 100 publications

References 36 publications

Other Dietary Confounders: FODMAPS et al.

Other Dietary Confounders: FODMAPS et al.

Untitled

Detecting β-Casein Variation in Bovine Milk

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