Comparative Effects and Concentration of Picloram, 2,4,5-T and Dicamba in Tissue Culture

Diaz-Colon, J. D.; Bovey, R. W.; Davis, F. S.; Baur, J. R.

doi:10.1111/j.1399-3054.1972.tb08568.x

Cited by 11 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…In other words, the s-triazine ring remains intact. Other herbicides have been reported to cause an increase in callus weight, in both soybean and cottonwood callus systems (3).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Promotion of Sorghum Callus Growth by the s-Triazine Herbicides

Nadar

Clegg²,

Maranville³

1975

Plant Physiol.

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Growth-promoting action of simazine and other s-triazine herbicides was detected by the use of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor Several studies over a wide spectrum of economic crops showed that the application of the s-triazine herbicides (mainly simazine) to plants at sublethal levels may cause an increase in total protein content as well as alteration of certain biological activities such as nitrate reductase (17,18,21,26). Since all known cytokinin active compounds are found to be nucleotide derivatives (4, 5, 10, 11), and the s-triazine ring is pyrimidine-like in structure with the number 5 carbon atom replaced by a nitrogen atom, it is possible that the action of the s-triazines in increasing protein content is due to alteration in hormonal control similar to that caused by kinetin.No chemical method has been developed to detect cytokinins easily. There are many biological assay systems to detect them, of which the callus tissue system may be the most reliable (13). Sorghum callus tissue developed in our laboratories from the hybrid RS 671 grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor [L]. Moench) was dependent on an external source of cytokinin, which made it an excellent material to use in bioassays to detect the suspected growth-promoting action of the s-triazines. This paper reports that the effect of sublethal levels of simazine and other s-triazines Soil applications of simazine were made to the containers 2.5 cm below the surface by removing the top 2.5 cm of soil, spraying the calculated dose suspended in sufficient amount of water, and then replacing the soil. The dose was calculated as a fraction of the recommended field application rate corresponding to the area of the container surface. The soil treatments of simazine were added at concentrations 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1.00 times the recommended amounts for application as a herbicide in the field (1.12 kg/ha). The application took place immediately prior to planting. A foliar application was administered 4 weeks after planting at concentrations 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1.00 times the simazine saturated solution of S ,ug/ml (25). The plants were sprayed once until completely soaked with the solution.Root Exudate Sampling. The aerial portions of the plants were removed 3.5 cm above the soil surface and a piece of parafilm rolled around the stubs which extended above the cut surfaces. The exudates were collected periodically by means of a syringe until 5 to 10 ml was accumulated from each exuding plant. The exudates were filtered through Whatman No. 1 filter paper and added to the callus growth medium to test for their growthpromoting action.Testing for Growth Promotion. Callus was induced from hybrid RS 671 on Murashige and Skoog medium (15) supplemented with 2 to 5 jAg/ml of 2,4-D and 1% (v/v)

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“…In other words, the s-triazine ring remains intact. Other herbicides have been reported to cause an increase in callus weight, in both soybean and cottonwood callus systems (3).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Promotion of Sorghum Callus Growth by the s-Triazine Herbicides

Nadar

Clegg²,

Maranville³

1975

Plant Physiol.

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“…The EI mass spectrum was identical to that of authentic parathion: m/z Parathion and phase I metabolites 123 (12), 109 (75), 97 (85), 65 (17). (15),63 (25). The transformation of parathion to paraoxon following foliar and root application has been previously p~b l i s h e d .~*~-~~-~* Th ese data, however, did not allow clear distinctions between plant and microbial metabolism, or photochemical reactions.…”

Section: 22mentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolism of [ring‐2,6‐¹⁴]parathion in plant cell suspension cultures of carrot (Daucus carota), purple foxglove (Digitalis purpurea), soybean, thorn apple (Datura stramonium) and wheat (Triticum aestivum)

Krol¹,

Schuphan²,

Thiede³

et al. 1995

Pestic. Sci.

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By means of standardized procedures, the metabolism of [ring‐2,6‐14C]‐parathion was investigated in carrot (Daucus carota L.), purple foxglove (Digitalis purpurea L.), soybean (Glycine max Merrill cv. ‚Mandarin’︁, and Glycine max Merrill cv. ‚Harosoy 63’︁ cultivated on B5 and Miller media, respectively), thorn apple (Datura stramonium L.), and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cell suspension cultures. In the wheat and soybean (Mandarin) cells only 2.9 and 8.9%, respectively, of the applied parthion remained unmetabolized after 48 h of incubation, while 51.2, 57.9, 60.3, and 62.4% of the unchanged parent were detected in the D. purpurea, D. Stramonium, carrot and soybean (Harosoy) cultures, respectively. In all suspensions, paraoxon and 4‐nitrophenol were found as phase I metabolites, thus demonstrating that plant tissues can catalyse oxidative desulfuration and dearylation of parathion. 4‐Nitrophenol was also glycosylated with glucose and possibly galactose. Further, as yet unidentified, metabolites indicated that bio‐transformations had also occurred at the aromatic moiety. Large amounts of non‐extractable residues were detected in the wheat suspension (38.3%), while the other cultures showed a lower incorporation of 14C into insoluble cell material (0.9‐9.4%). For a prospective ecotoxicological evaluation of the metabolic fate of pesticides and xenobiotics in plants in general, the differential metabolic capacity of plant cell cultures and plants should be taken into account.

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“…Callus is also produced in the controls although less extensively. In some species low concentrations of piclor am have been reported to stimulate callus proliferation in aseptic culture (5). Such proliferation is no doubt the result of extensive cell division which is preceded by DNA synthesis.…”

Section: Regenerationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The effects of picloram on explants have been observed to be similar to those of IAA (indole-3acetic acid) or 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] (11). In aseptic culture, it can stimulate callus proliferation (5) and epicotyl elongation and root production in explants (7,8). Picloram also causes considerable damage to tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) plants by producing morphological aberra tions in the leaves and also by suppressing the sucker for mation (12).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Effect of Picloram on Organogenesis in Detached Leaves ofEcheveria elegansBgr.

Raju

Grover

1976

Weed sci.

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The effect of picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid) on regeneration of detached leaves ofEcheveria elegansBgr. was studied. Picloram stimulated callus production at all concentrations. Low concentrations of 1 to 15 ppmw picloram did not affect shoot organogenesis and the same, however, stimulated rhizogenesis. Inhibition of both root- and shoot-organogenesis was noticeable at concentrations below 20 ppmw and above. Roots increased in number at all picloram concentrations below 40 ppmw, the maximum number being at concentration of 15 to 20 ppmw of the herbicide. Observations indicated that root elongation was considerably suppressed. Picloram-induced callus contained mature parenchyma cells devoid of contents and considerable amount of tissue disruption was noticed. Irregular vascular differentiation and obliteration of tissues particularly in the region of tracheary elements, were obvious. Although normal apical organization was lacking in root primordia and in arrested short roots, these elongated normally into mature roots when they were transferred to water, thus indicating that apical meristems were not severely affected by picloram.

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Comparative Effects and Concentration of Picloram, 2,4,5-T and Dicamba in Tissue Culture

Cited by 11 publications

References 8 publications

Promotion of Sorghum Callus Growth by the s-Triazine Herbicides

Promotion of Sorghum Callus Growth by the s-Triazine Herbicides

Metabolism of [ring‐2,6‐¹⁴]parathion in plant cell suspension cultures of carrot (Daucus carota), purple foxglove (Digitalis purpurea), soybean, thorn apple (Datura stramonium) and wheat (Triticum aestivum)

Effect of Picloram on Organogenesis in Detached Leaves ofEcheveria elegansBgr.

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Comparative Effects and Concentration of Picloram, 2,4,5-T and Dicamba in Tissue Culture

Cited by 11 publications

References 8 publications

Promotion of Sorghum Callus Growth by the s-Triazine Herbicides

Promotion of Sorghum Callus Growth by the s-Triazine Herbicides

Metabolism of [ring‐2,6‐14]parathion in plant cell suspension cultures of carrot (Daucus carota), purple foxglove (Digitalis purpurea), soybean, thorn apple (Datura stramonium) and wheat (Triticum aestivum)

Effect of Picloram on Organogenesis in Detached Leaves ofEcheveria elegansBgr.

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Metabolism of [ring‐2,6‐¹⁴]parathion in plant cell suspension cultures of carrot (Daucus carota), purple foxglove (Digitalis purpurea), soybean, thorn apple (Datura stramonium) and wheat (Triticum aestivum)