Comparative Effectiveness of Insecticides for Use Against the House Fly (Diptera: Muscidae): Determination of Resistance Levels on a Malaysian Poultry Farm

Abstract

In this study, the toxicology of two commercial larvicides--cyromazine (Neporex 50SP) and ChCy (combination of chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin, Naga 505)--and five commercial adulticides--thiamethoxam (Agita 10WG), cyfluthrin (Responsar WP), lambda-cyhalothrin (Icon 2.8EC), fipronil (Regent 50SC), and imidacloprid (Toxilat 10WP)--was examined against the WHO/VCRU (World Health Organization/ Vector Control Research Unit) susceptible strain and the AYTW (Ayer Tawar) field strain of house fly, Musca domestica L. These pesticides were administered topically, in the diet, or as a dry residue treatment on plywood. Probit analysis using at least five concentrations and the concentration that was lethal to 50% (LC(50)) of the organisms was applied to compare the toxicology and resistance levels of the AYTW population to different insecticides. In the larvicide laboratory study, ChCy was more effective than cyromazine, with a significantly lower LC(50) value when administered topically or in the diet, although the AYTW population was susceptible to both larvicides with a resistance ratio (RR) <10. For the adulticide laboratory study, cyfluthrin and fipronil exhibited the lowest LC50 values of the adulticides, indicating that they are both effective at controlling adult flies, although lambda-cyhalothrin showed moderate resistance (RR = 11.60 by topical application; 12.41 by plywood treatment). Further investigation of ChCy, cyromazine, cyfluthrin, and fipronil under field conditions confirmed that ChCy and cyromazine strikingly reduced larval density, and surprisingly, ChCy also exhibited adulticidal activity, which significantly reduced adult fly numbers compared with the control group. Cyfluthrin and fipronil were also confirmed to be effective, with a significant reduction in adult fly numbers compared with the control group.

Isolation and enumeration of bacteria responsible for nosocomial infections from houseflies and determining their susceptibility to poison bait

“…A previous study by Nurita et al (2008) on synanthropic flies showed that the Agita fly bait was effective for 4 weeks but its effectiveness was significantly reduced on week 6th. A study by Ong et al (2015) indicated a minor resistance to Agita, hence there is a possibility of increasing Agita resistance in houseflies. Agita irritates before the knockdown effect and consequently, the houseflies fly away and die away from the insecticide source (Msangi et al 2005).…”

“…Poison bait formulations such as Agita are one of the current control strategies, as it is cost-effective and reduces insecticide exposure to non-target organisms. Agita bait is a contact and stomach insecticide with a mixture of two active ingredients; thiamethoxam (a neonicotinoid insecticide) and tricosene (a housefly pheromone) (Nurita et al 2008;Ong et al 2015). The toxicity mechanism of the neonicotinoids is an agonist to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor.…”

The role of G protein‐coupled receptor‐related genes in cytochrome P450‐mediated resistance of the house fly, Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae), to imidacloprid

“…House flies are a potential vector of bird flu virus (avian influenza), thereby posing a threat to poultry throughout the world (Barin et al ., ; Wanaratana et al ., ). For many years, insecticides have been the principal control measure of house flies, but their extensive and at times indiscriminate application has resulted in the development of resistance to pyrethroid, organophosphate, carbamate and other insecticides (Scott et al ., , ; Ong et al ., ) – an ongoing challenge to prevent house fly‐borne diseases.…”

Inheritance mode and mechanisms of resistance to imidacloprid in the house fly Musca domestica (Diptera:Muscidae) from China

“…For decades, the management of this pest has been dependent on the application of insecticides. However, extensive and injudicious application of insecticides has resulted in the development of resistance in house fly to pyrethroid, organophosphate, carbamate and new chemical group insecticides [ 3 – 5 ]. Imidacloprid is a neonicotinoid insecticide that acts on the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in the insect nervous system [ 6 ].…”