Comparative Effectiveness and Antibody Responses to Moderna and Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccines among Hospitalized Veterans — Five Veterans Affairs Medical Centers, United States, February 1–September 30, 2021

Bajema, Kristina L.; Dahl, Rebecca; Evener, Steve L; Prill, Mila M.; Rodriguez‐Barradas, Maria C.; Marconi, Vincent C.; Beenhouwer, David O.; Holodniy, Mark; Lucero-Obusan, Cynthia; Brown, Sheldon T.; Tremarelli, Maraia; Epperson, Monica; Mills, Lisa; Park, So Hee; Rivera-Dominguez, Gilberto; Morones, Rosalba Gomez; Ahmadi-Izadi, Ghazal; Deović, Rijalda; Mendoza, Chad; Jeong, Chan Young; Schrag, Stephanie J.; Meites, Elissa; Hall, Aron J.; Kobayashi, Miwako; McMorrow, Meredith; Verani, Jennifer R.; Thornburg, Natalie J.; Surie, Diya; Burnette, Joy; Capo, Gustavo; Epstein, Lauren; Gallini, Julia W.; Harrison, Telisha; Hartley, Amy; Hernández, L. A.; Morales, Elena; Patel, Nina; Rooney, Kim; Tanner, Tehquin; Tate, Ernest; Tunson, Ashley; Whitmire, Alexis; Winston, Juton; Elliot, Katherine; Graham, Ilda; Lama, Diki; Pena, Ismael; Perea, Adrienne; Perez, Guerry Anabelle; Simelane, Johane; Smith, Sarah; Tallin, G. P. R.; Tisi, Amelia; Lopez, Alonso Arellano; Gonzalez, Miguel Covarrubias; Lengi, Bashir; Tamez, Mariana Vanoye; Aryanfar, Babak; Lee-Chang, Ian; Matolek, Anthony; Poteshkina, Aleksandra; Naeem, Saadia; Goldin, Evan; Agrawal, Madhuri; Hinojosa-López, Jessica Ivonne; Peters, Theresa; Kudryavtseva, Geliya; Cates, Jordan; Kambhampati, Anita

doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm7049a2

Cited by 76 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…These SARS-CoV-2 vaccines have been remarkably successful in inducing neutralizing humoral and cellular immunity and, more importantly, reducing COVID-19 infections, hospitalizations, and deaths in clinical trials ( Baden et al., 2021 ; Polack et al., 2020 ; Sadoff et al., 2021 ) and during rapid worldwide deployment ( Tregoning et al., 2021 ). However, it has now been shown that neutralizing antibody responses and vaccine effectiveness vary by vaccine agent, decrease with increased time post vaccination, and are negatively impacted by emerging variants ( Bajema et al., 2021 ; Bar-On et al., 2021 ; Cromer et al., 2021 ; Khoury et al., 2021 ; Lopez Bernal et al., 2021 ; Naranbhai et al., 2021a ; Tregoning et al., 2021 ). In an effort to combat waning antibody responses and the emergence of new variants, a third dose of mRNA vaccine (“boosters”) has been approved for individuals vaccinated >6 months ago and has been shown to be very effective at inducing high neutralizing antibody titers ( Bar-On et al., 2021 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the case of Ad26.COV2.S vaccinees, cross-over mRNA doses were recommended >2 months from primary vaccination. However, while neutralization of wild-type SARS-CoV-2 has been shown to predict the effectiveness of vaccines against variants ( Earle et al., 2021 ; Khoury et al., 2021 ), it is unclear whether this correlation will be maintained among boosted individuals and for highly mutated variants like Omicron ( Bajema et al., 2021 ; Lopez Bernal et al., 2021 ; Tregoning et al., 2021 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccine boosters induce neutralizing immunity against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant

García-Beltrán

Denis

Hœlzemer

et al. 2022

Cell

920

754

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Recent surveillance has revealed the emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant (BA.1/B.1.1.529) harboring up to 36 mutations in spike protein, the target of neutralizing antibodies. Given its potential to escape vaccine-induced humoral immunity, we measured the neutralization potency of sera from 88 mRNA-1273, 111 BNT162b, and 40 Ad26.COV2.S vaccine recipients against wild-type, Delta, and Omicron SARS-CoV-2 pseudoviruses. We included individuals that received their primary series recently (<3 months), distantly (6–12 months), or an additional “booster” dose, while accounting for prior SARS-CoV-2 infection. Remarkably, neutralization of Omicron was undetectable in most vaccinees. However, individuals boosted with mRNA vaccines exhibited potent neutralization of Omicron, only 4–6-fold lower than wild type, suggesting enhanced cross-reactivity of neutralizing antibody responses. In addition, we find that Omicron pseudovirus infects more efficiently than other variants tested. Overall, this study highlights the importance of additional mRNA doses to broaden neutralizing antibody responses against highly divergent SARS-CoV-2 variants.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccine boosters induce neutralizing immunity against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant

García-Beltrán

Denis

Hœlzemer

et al. 2022

Cell

920

754

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…For example, studies of hospitalized U.S. Veterans pre-dating the Omicron period showed an estimated VE of 86.8% (95% CI, 80.4-91.1) for full vaccination including mRNA and Johnson & Johnson’s Janssen), 3 86.1% (95% CI, 77.7 to 91.3) for 2 doses of Moderna and 75.1% (95% CI, 64.6 to 82.4) for 2 doses of Pfizer-BioNTech. 4…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effectiveness of mRNA COVID-19 Booster Vaccines against Omicron and Delta Variants among US Veterans

Young‐Xu

2022

Preprint

Self Cite

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Background: Effectiveness of mRNA vaccinations against Omicron among US veterans is unknown. Objectives: To estimate mRNA vaccine effectiveness (VE) as measured by risk of COVID infection. Design, Setting, and Participants: This matched test negative case control study was conducted using COVID test results at Veterans Health Administration sites from December 1, 2021, to December 31, 2021. VE against COVID infection and COVID related hospitalization and death were estimated using electronic health records from veterans who routinely sought care at a VHA facility and had a test result positive for COVID (cases) or negative for COVID (controls). Data were analyzed from December 1, 2021 to January 14, 2022. Exposures: Vaccination status, defined as number of mRNA vaccine doses (1, 2, 3 or more) as the primary explanatory variable, at time of test. Main Outcomes and Measures: The main outcome of interest was a positive result for COVID on a polymerase chain reaction or antigen test. Secondary outcomes included COVID related hospitalization and death, defined by discharge data and proximity of event to positive test result. VE was estimated from odds ratios for COVID infection with 95% CIs. Results: VE for those who have received a mRNA vaccine booster is 77% (95%, 75 to 79) against Delta while 62% (95%, 59 to 65) against Omicron infection, 91% (95%, 85 to 94) against COVID related hospitalization with better VE against Omicron, and 96% (95%, 91 to 98) against COVID related death with no discernable difference between Omicron and Delta. However, without a booster, VE against COVID related death decreases to 76% (95%, 62 to 85). Conclusions: Although Omicron is highly contagious and more likely to result in breakthrough infections against the current mRNA vaccines, a mRNA vaccine booster is still effective against severe COVID related outcomes.

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“…The vaccines differ in their proprietary lipid delivery platform and the amount of antigen used (30 μg for Pfizer and 100 μg for Moderna). Both vaccines provided exceptionally high protection, preventing about 95% of symptomatic COVID-19 disease and 100% severe COVID-19 disease 4, 5 . However, the induced immune responses are not long-lasting, and a booster is required after six months.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A single-dose of the deactivated rabies virus vectored COVID-19 vaccine, CORAVAX, is highly efficacious and alleviates lung inflammation in the hamster model

Schnell

2022

Preprint

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Without sufficient herd immunity through either vaccination or natural infection, the Coronavirus Disease 2019 pandemic is unlikely to be controlled. Waning immunity with the currently approved vaccines suggests the need to evaluate vaccines causing the induction of long-term responses. Here we report the immunogenicity and efficacy of our adjuvanted single-dose Rabies vectored SARS CoV-2 S1 vaccine, CORAVAX, in hamsters. CORAVAX induces high SARS CoV-2 S1 specific and virus-neutralizing antibodies (VNA) that prevent weight loss, viral loads, disease, lung inflammation, and the cytokine storm in hamsters. We also observed high Rabies VNA titers. In summary, CORAVAX is a promising dual antigen vaccine candidate for clinical evaluation against SARS CoV-2 and Rabies virus.

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Comparative Effectiveness and Antibody Responses to Moderna and Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccines among Hospitalized Veterans — Five Veterans Affairs Medical Centers, United States, February 1–September 30, 2021

Cited by 76 publications

References 8 publications

mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccine boosters induce neutralizing immunity against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant

mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccine boosters induce neutralizing immunity against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant

Effectiveness of mRNA COVID-19 Booster Vaccines against Omicron and Delta Variants among US Veterans

A single-dose of the deactivated rabies virus vectored COVID-19 vaccine, CORAVAX, is highly efficacious and alleviates lung inflammation in the hamster model

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