Comparative ecological and greenhouse analysis of alternative coke-less processes for making pig iron and steel

“…752 "On Reducing Emissions of Greenhouse Gases." It is thus important to analyze the different processes involved in obtaining steel in order to compare the end-to-end emissions of greenhouse gases (the so-called carbon footprint) and to use the technological fuel number (TFN) [3] to also compare the processes' energy content.There are two main types of greenhouse gases formed in the processes carried out in ferrous metallurgy: methane (CH 4 ) and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ). Methane is released during the mining of the raw materials used in metallurgical processes.…”

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Analysis of Energy Content and CO2 Emissions in Different Combinations of Coke-Using and Coke-Less Processes for Steel Production

2015

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direct alloying with vanadium (DAV), EAF operation on scrap) that are performed in the course of producing steel. These processes were compared as part of an energy-environmental analysis by examining both energy content and a parameter that characterizes the emission of the greenhouse gas CO 2 -the technological greenhouse number (TGN). It was determined that the advantages in terms of energy content and CO 2 emissions belong to EAF steelmaking with the use of scrap, the DAV process, the HyL-3 -EAF process, and the Midrex -EAF process. It should be noted that the steel obtained in the DAV process is alloyed with vanadium. In each case, the processes that do not involve the use of molten pig iron in steel production should be given the highest priority based on their ratings for energy content and greenhousegas emissions.In [1-3], the energy content of the process of making steel by means of several alternative coke-less technologies was estimated and compared with the energy content of the traditional steelmaking process, which entails the agglomeration of ore-bearing materials and their subsequent smelting in blast furnaces to obtain pig iron for subsequent conversion into steel. In connection with the changes occurring in the Earth's climate and the worldwide effort to combat global warming, on September 30, 2013 Russian Federation President Vladimir Putin issued Decree No. 752 "On Reducing Emissions of Greenhouse Gases." It is thus important to analyze the different processes involved in obtaining steel in order to compare the end-to-end emissions of greenhouse gases (the so-called carbon footprint) and to use the technological fuel number (TFN) [3] to also compare the processes' energy content.There are two main types of greenhouse gases formed in the processes carried out in ferrous metallurgy: methane (CH 4 ) and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ). Methane is released during the mining of the raw materials used in metallurgical processes. The volumes of methane are independent of the processes that are used and are of a random nature. The methane that is formed in the course of metallurgical operations is a secondary energy resource (SER) and is burned as part of those operations. Carbon dioxide is formed during all of the industrial operations performed in metallurgy: here, it is formed by the combustion of organic fuels, the burning of carbon from semifi nished products, and the decomposition of the fl uxes that are used. Different technologies are characterized by the formation of different volumes of carbon dioxide. Thus, we will use a broader interpretation of the concept of carbon footprint and regard it as the integral (cumulative) end-to-end emission of

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“…We designate the net emission for these vertices as G ik , the first subscript denoting the number of the conversion and the second representing the number of the source. We propose to determine the values of G ik based on the value of the technological fuel number (TFN) [7].…”

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“…The following were chosen as the energy sources: coal, ore, natural gas, oxygen, compressed air, electric power. The values for their net emissions were taken from the data in [7].…”

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Graph Model for Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Metallurgical Plants

2013

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The emission of carbon dioxide -a greenhouse gas -is adversely affecting the environment regionally, nationally, and globally, and some scientists believe that it is changing the world's climate. Evaluating such emissions is an important part of the search that is going on to find the technologies which are the best from the standpoint of emitting the least amount of this gas. Evaluating carbon-dioxide emissions is also important for determining the penalties that factories should be assessed for exceeding established emission limits.A carbon footprint is the analog of an emission of carbon dioxide. The carbon footprint is greater than this emission because it is determined with allowance for the effect of other greenhouse gases. However, metallurgical plants produce larger volumes of carbon dioxide than any other greenhouse gas -carbon dioxide is formed during the oxidation of the carbon in different types of fuel during a factory's operation. We will designate the total amount of carbon dioxide emitted in this manner as M G and we will refer to it as the integral emission from the operation of the plant (it is being called "integral" because it characterizes the emission of the factory as a whole). For example [1], a blast furnace operated without the injection of natural gas forms blast-furnace gas having the following composition: 12-18% CO 2 ; 24-30% CO; 0.2-0.5 CH 4 ; 1.0-2.0% H 2 ; 55-59% N 2 . The heat of combustion of blast-furnace gas is 3500-4000 kJ/m 3 . Blast-furnace gas having the following composition is formed when the blast air is enriched with up to 30% oxygen and natural gas is also injected into the furnace: 15-22% CO 2 ; 22-27% CO; 0.2-0.5% CH 4 ; 8-11% H 2 ; 43-45% N 2 . This blast-furnace gas has a heat of combustion of 4200-5000 kJ/m 3 . Some of the gas is burned in the stoves of blast-furnaces, but most of it is burned in heating furnaces, municipal electric power plants, or flares. A similar pattern of use is seen in the case of residues of coke-oven gas that do not undergo combustion in coke-oven batteries. Natural gas is currently being widely used in heating furnaces. In light of this, all of the carbon dioxide that is formed by the combustion of coke and injected gas in blast furnaces at a metallurgical plant is included in models of the smelting operation. A similar assumption is made for coke-oven batteries.We further assume that the power plant of an integrated metallurgical plant supplies energy to all of the metallurgical plant's furnaces. It was reported in [2] that 90% of a metallurgical plant's energy needs are met by the output of its own power plant. Thus, in the graph models that have been constructed, electric power is obtained from outside networks only to make oxygen and operate the metallurgical plant's electric-arc furnaces.

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Comparative ecological and greenhouse analysis of alternative coke-less processes for making pig iron and steel

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The greenhouse index of sustainable development for metallurgical processes of production in aspect of green power

The greenhouse index of sustainable development for metallurgical processes of production in aspect of green power

Analysis of Energy Content and CO2 Emissions in Different Combinations of Coke-Using and Coke-Less Processes for Steel Production

Graph Model for Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Metallurgical Plants

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