Comparative Dermatology

Mb, Bs D. A. Burns; BSc, Mb N. H. Cox

doi:10.1002/9780470750520.ch2

Cited by 6 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 72 publications

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“…Gram-positive bacteria are the most represented commensal flora on the skin, including Staphylococcus spp., Micrococcus spp. and various Gram-positive rods (39). The most frequently cultured bacterial species on the skin is S. epidermidis (40).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Commensal Bacteria Lipoteichoic Acid Increases Skin Mast Cell Antimicrobial Activity against Vaccinia Viruses

Wang

MacLeod

Nardo

2012

The Journal of Immunology

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Mast cells (MCs) are considered sentinels in the skin and mucosa. Their ability to release antimicrobial peptides, such as cathelicidin, protects against bacterial infections when the epithelial barrier is breached. We recently described that MCs defend against bacterial and viral infections through the release of cathelicidin during degranulation. In this study, we hypothesize that cathelicidin expression is induced in MCs by the activation of TLR2 from bacterial products (lipoteichoic acid) produced by commensal bacteria at the epithelial surface. Our research shows that signaling through TLR2 increases the production and expression of cathelicidin in mast cells, thereby enhancing their capacity to fight vaccinia virus. MCs deficient in cathelicidin were less efficient in killing vaccinia virus after lipoteichoic acid stimulation than wild-type cells. Moreover, the activation of TLR2 increases the MC recruitment at the skin barrier interface. Taken together, our findings reveal that the expression and control of antimicrobial peptides and TLR signaling on MCs are key in fighting viral infection. Our findings also provide new insights into the pathogenesis of skin infections and suggest potential roles for MCs and TLR2 ligands in antiviral therapy.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Commensal Bacteria Lipoteichoic Acid Increases Skin Mast Cell Antimicrobial Activity against Vaccinia Viruses

Wang

MacLeod

Nardo

2012

The Journal of Immunology

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“…[2] Sharma et al ,[3] have also reported 80% of their cases below 30 years of age. This study also showed high incidence in those below 30 years [Table 1].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[1] It accounts for 2% of new dermatological referrals in UK,[2] 1.7% in India[3] and life time risk is 1.7% in USA. [4] The familial incidence is 10-42%[5] and in monozygotic twins is 50%.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Randomized comparison of topical betamethasone valerate foam, intralesional triamcinolone acetonide and tacrolimus ointment in management of localized alopecia areata

et al. 2011

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Background:Alopecia areata (AA) is a common, non-scarring, patchy loss of hair at scalp and elsewhere. Its pathogenesis is uncertain; however, auto-immunity has been exemplified in various studies. Familial incidence of AA is 10-42%, but in monozygotic twins is 50%. Local steroids (topical / intra-lesional) are very effective in treatment of localized AA.Aim:To compare hair regrowth and side effects of topical betamethasone valerate foam, intralesional triamcinolone acetonide and tacrolimus ointment in management of localized AA.Materials and Methods:105 patients of localized AA were initially registered but 27 were drop out. So, 78 patients allocated at random in group A (28), B (25) and C (25) were prescribed topical betamethasone valerate foam (0.1%) twice daily, intralesional triamcinolone acetonide (10mg/ml) every 3 weeks and tacrolimus ointment (0.1%) twice daily, respectively, for 12 weeks. They were followed for next12 weeks. Hair re-growth was calculated using “HRG Scale”; scale I- (0-25%), S II-(26-50%), S III - (51-75%) and S IV- (75-100%).Results:Hair re-growth started by 3 weeks in group B (Scale I: P<0.03), turned satisfactory at 6 weeks in group A and B (Scale I: P<0.005, Scale IV: P<0.001)), good at 9 weeks (Scale I: P<0.0005, Scale IV: P<0.00015), and better by 12 weeks of treatment (Scale I: P<0.000021, Scale IV: P<0.000009) in both A and B groups. At the end of 12 weeks follow-up hair re-growth (>75%, HRG IV) was the best in group B (15 of 25, 60%), followed by A (15 of 28, 53.6%) and lastly group-C (Nil of 25, 0%) patients. Few patients reported mild pain and atrophy at injection sites, pruritus and burning with betamethasone valerate foam and tacrolimus.Conclusion:Intralesional triamcinolone acetonide is the best, betamethasone valerate foam is better than tacrolimus in management of localized AA.

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“…This parasite may attack the cartilage and soft areas of the body such as the nose and ear. It is accompanied by severe pain and is called white leprosy [73].…”

Section: Diffuse Cutaneous Leishmaniasismentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of leishmania genome, hosts, virulence factors, pathogenesis and treatment

KarimAlqaraghli

2024

World Journal of Current Med and Pharm Research

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The study aims in this review to study the Leishmania genus parasite that causes Leishmaniasis, in its clinical forms Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL), MucocutanousLeishmaniasis (ML) and Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL). When studying the parasite's genetic composition of the genome of the nucleus and the genome of the kinetoplast, which constitutes 10-20% of the total DNA, it was found that despite the difference in pathogenicity between the types of the parasite L., the genetic material is similar and maintains the genetic content. CL is a self-healing disease, but prompt treatment is important to avoid unattractive scarring and parasite spread. Of all the drugs of choice, Pentostam and Glucantime are the first line of treatment for all types of leishmaniasis, but there are serious attempts to discover new therapies.

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Comparative Dermatology

Cited by 6 publications

References 72 publications

Commensal Bacteria Lipoteichoic Acid Increases Skin Mast Cell Antimicrobial Activity against Vaccinia Viruses

Commensal Bacteria Lipoteichoic Acid Increases Skin Mast Cell Antimicrobial Activity against Vaccinia Viruses

Randomized comparison of topical betamethasone valerate foam, intralesional triamcinolone acetonide and tacrolimus ointment in management of localized alopecia areata

A review of leishmania genome, hosts, virulence factors, pathogenesis and treatment

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