Comparative cancer risk assessment of THMs in drinking water from well water sources and surface water sources

Pardakhti, Alireza; Bidhendi, Gholamreza Nabi; Torabian, Ali; Karbassi, Abdolreza; Yunesian, Masud

doi:10.1007/s10661-010-1752-5

Cited by 60 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…The average chloroform-induced cancer risk through dermal exposure in Ilam was 4.04 × 10 -7 , which only constitutes 6.4% of total chloroform-induced cancer risk in drinking water in Ilam. These results are in consistent with the results obtained by Pardakhti et al (10) in Tehran and in some studies in other countries (13,18,24).…”

Section: Dermal Routesupporting

confidence: 93%

“…The lifetime cancer risk of chloroform was calculated by incorporating exposure assessment and toxicity values (cancer slope factors). The equations for calculation of lifetime cancer risk are shown in Equations 9 and 10: (9) T otal cancer risk = Σ [CDI × SF ] (10) T CR = CR Oral + CR Dermal + CR Inhalation Where CR Oral is cancer risk from the ingestion route, CR Dermal is cancer risk from the dermal route, and CR Inhalation is cancer risk from the inhalation route. The primary source of the slope factors was the risk assessment information system (23).…”

Section: Risk Calculationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The US environmental protection agency (EPA) has placed chloroform, bromodichloromethane, and bromoform in class B2 (probable human carcinogen with sufficient animal data), and dibromochloromethane in class C (possible human carcinogen) (7). Moreover, the concentration of chloroform in total trihalomethanes (TTHMs) is higher than other compounds (2,(8)(9)(10)(11). Studies have been conducted by various organizations to determine maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) of disinfection byproducts in water.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several studies have assessed the cancer risk posed by trihalomethanes in chlorinated drinking water. It was reported that exposure to chloroform poses a higher cancer risk than other THM compounds (10,(13)(14)(15). Most studies have only evaluated the cancer risk caused by gastrointestinal (oral) exposure to chloroform.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cancer Risk Assessment From Multi-Exposure to Chloroform in Drinking Water of Ilam City, Iran

Arman¹,

Pardakhti²,

Osoleddini³

et al. 2016

Avicenna J Environ Health Eng

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Among various trihalomethane (THM) compounds, chloroform is considered to be the main compound and was selected as an indicator of THMs in this study. This study aims to calculate and assess the lifetime cancer risks resulting from chloroform intakes of various exposure routes in Ilam's urban drinking water. The samples were analyzed using a gas chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector (GC/FID). The results showed that average chloroform concentrations in different districts were between 20 and 30.3 µg/L, and the highest concentrations were detected in district 4 with a value of 32.2 µg/L. All water samples contained concentrations of chloroform below the standards of the world health organization (WHO) and the institute of standards and industrial research of Iran (ISIRI). Assessment of lifetime cancer risks was carried out using prediction models for different exposure routes, including ingestion, inhalation, and dermal routes for people living in Ilam city. The highest risk from chloroform seems to be from the oral ingestion route, followed by inhalation and dermal absorption. The maximum and minimum lifetime cancer risks were 6.59 × 10 -6 and 5.95 × 10 -6 in districts 4 and 3, respectively. It was also concluded that the average lifetime cancer risk was 6.26 × 10 -6 in all districts. Based on the population data, the total number of expected lifetime cancer cases from exposure to chloroform is 1 for Ilam city.

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Section: Dermal Routesupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Risk Calculationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cancer Risk Assessment From Multi-Exposure to Chloroform in Drinking Water of Ilam City, Iran

Arman¹,

Pardakhti²,

Osoleddini³

et al. 2016

Avicenna J Environ Health Eng

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“…The main sources of drinking water in Tehran city are Karadj River in the northwest, Jajrood River in the northeast, and more than 400 wells scattered mostly on the southern parts of the city (Pardakhti et al 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Groundwater quality degradation of urban areas (case study: Tehran city, Iran)

Nasrabadi

Maedeh

2013

Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Groundwater quality of Tehran city is considered in this study. Nine sampling stations were selected, and composite sampling campaign was performed in summer 2012. Groundwater sampled from northern stations appeared to have acceptable characteristics for agricultural and drinking uses. The southern station samples did not meet the required guidelines. Concentration of SO 4 2-, Na ? and Cl -obey a sharp ascending trend southwards. Accordingly, the electrical conductivity of the last station at the very southern areas is more than fifteen times greater than that of the first northern station. Tehran city is located in a semi-arid climate and experiences long hot summers. High rates of evapo-transpiration within urban green spaces and agricultural lands facilitate the salinization phenomenon in root zones. As a result, excess irrigation water eases the consequent percolation into aquifers. Furthermore, saline water intrusion from salt marshes located down south of the city is an expected consequence of wells overpumping. Such case is especially remarkable in hot seasons when an increased urban water demand is observed. Remarkable sulfate concentrations in saline water are mainly justified by percolation of sulfate containing fertilizers which are broadly used by local farmers in an uncontrolled manner. Surface run-offs and municipal wastewater leakage may also trigger the salinization process.

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An experimental laboratory reactor for quantitative kinetic studies of disinfection byproduct formation using membrane inlet mass spectrometry

Larsen

McPherson

McKenzie

et al. 2022

Rapid Comm Mass Spectrometry

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Rationale The type and quantity of environmentally problematic disinfection byproducts (DBPs) produced during chlorination of water depend on the natural organic matter and organic contaminants that raw water contains, and on the operational conditions of the drinking water treatment process. There is a need for a fast and quantitative method that determines which DBPs are produced and monitors the chemical dynamics during a drinking water treatment. Methods A small experimental chemical reactor (50 mL) was mounted directly onto the membrane inlet interface of a membrane inlet mass spectrometer (MIMS). In this setup, the membrane was the only separation between the reaction mixture in the chemical reactor and the open ion source of the mass spectrometer 2 cm away. Water samples to be chlorinated were placed in the reactor and the chlorination reaction was initiated by injection of hypochlorite. The formation of intermediates and products was monitored using either full‐scan mass spectra or selected ion monitoring of relevant ions. Results An algorithm for analyte quantification was successfully developed for analysis of the complex mixtures of phenol (a model for waterborne organic compounds), chlorinated intermediates and trihalomethane products which simultaneously pass the membrane into the mass spectrometer. The algorithm is based upon the combined use of standard addition and an internal standard, and all analytes could be quantified at nanomolar concentrations corresponding to realistic water treatment conditions. Experiments carried out in the temperature range 15–60°C showed that the reaction dynamics change with operational parameters, for example in tap versus deionized water. Conclusions We have successfully shown that an experimental laboratory reactor directly interfaced with a MIMS can be used for quantitative monitoring of the chemical dynamics during a water treatment. This technique could provide rapid assistance in the optimization of operating parameters for minimizing DBP production.

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Comparative cancer risk assessment of THMs in drinking water from well water sources and surface water sources

Cited by 60 publications

References 13 publications

Cancer Risk Assessment From Multi-Exposure to Chloroform in Drinking Water of Ilam City, Iran

Cancer Risk Assessment From Multi-Exposure to Chloroform in Drinking Water of Ilam City, Iran

Groundwater quality degradation of urban areas (case study: Tehran city, Iran)

An experimental laboratory reactor for quantitative kinetic studies of disinfection byproduct formation using membrane inlet mass spectrometry

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