“…This interest has led to numerous investigations in which the phenomena ac tivated by chemicals have been defi ned, and in recent years, the activating substances have been purified, characterized, and, in some cases, identified and synthesized (see 23,24). Types of activator molecules implicated in stimulating responses include cations, anions, amino acids, polypeptides, proteins, sugars, glycoproteins, lipo proteins, simple alcohols, and steroids (see 23,[25][26][27].…”