Comparative Assessment of Copper, Iron, and Zinc Contents in Selected Indian (Assam) and South African (Thohoyandou) Tea (Camellia sinensis L.) Samples and Their Infusion: A Quest for Health Risks to Consumer

Abstract

The current study aims to assess the infusion pattern of three important micronutrients namely copper (Cu), iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) contents from black tea samples produced in Assam (India) and Thohoyandou (South Africa). Average daily intakes and hazardous quotient were reported for these micronutrients. Total content for Cu, Fe and Zn varied from 2.25 to 48.82 mg kg-1, 14.75 to 148.18 mg kg-1 and 28.48 to 106.68 mg kg-1 respectively. The average contents of each of the three micronutrients were higher in tea leaves samples collected from South Africa than those from India while the contents s in tea infusions in Indian samples were higher than in South African tea samples. Results of this study revealed that the consumption of not more than 600 mL tea infusion produced from 24 g of made tea per day may be beneficial to human in terms of these micronutrients content. Application of nonparametric tests revealed that most of the data sets do not satisfy the normality assumptions. Hence,\ud \ud Powered by Editorial Manager® and ProduXion Manager® from Aries Systems Corporation\ud \ud the use of both parametric and nonparametric statistical analysis that subsequently revealed significant differences in elemental contents among Indian and South African tea

Reference Intervals of and Relationships among Essential Trace Elements in Whole Blood of Children Aged 0-14 years

“…People here have a long‐standing habit of drinking tea. Studies have shown that tea leaves contain Cu, Zn, Fe, and a great quantity of organic acid which could inhibit the Ca absorption . Those may contribute to the elevated Cu and Zn levels and decreased Ca level in Lu'an.…”

Achievability of Municipal Solid Waste Compost for Tea Cultivation with Special Reference to Cadmium

“…Values in parentheses indicate Legislation for MSWC addition in India . Values in square brackets represent the percentages of each fraction with respect to total soil Cd.…”

“…The ADI of Cd from tea infusion was assessed following the modified equation of the US EPA: where ADI is the average daily intake (mg kg −1 bw per day, bw stands for body weight), C is the Cd concentration in tea infusion (mg L −1 ), DI is the average daily consume rate of tea infusion for Indian people (0.600 L day −1 ) when annual per capita consumption is 755.78 g/person per year, and BW is the average body weight with 67.4 and 64.9 kg for Indian men and women, respectively, (http://www.arogyadarpan.com/StandardHeightandWeightforIndianMenandWomen.aspx, accessed 3 March 2014).…”

“…Non‐carcinogenic risk can be estimated numerically using the hazard quotient (HQ) which was calculated by the following equation by Karak et al: where ADI is the average daily intake (mg kg −1 bw per day) and RfD is the reference dose of Cd which is 5 × 10 −4 mg kg −1 bw per day as prescribed by the US EPA and IRIS (http://www.epa.gov/iris, accessed 27 February 2015).…”

Assessment of Micronutrient Status of Electronic Waste (E-waste) Recyclers at Agbogbloshie (Ghana) Using Dietary Information and Biomarker Data

“…This hypothesis may need to be supported by relevant biomarkers (i.e., hemoglobin, total iron-binding capacity, transferrin receptor and ferritin), which were not analyzed in this study. Poor blood Ca and Mg levels of the e-waste recyclers may be attributed to a higher intake of micronutrients such as Cu and Fe from their diet, which is believed to inhibit the absorption of Ca and Mg. For instance, at the e-waste scrapyard, recyclers have a long-standing habit of consuming a lot of tea and other herbs believed to contain Cu, Zn and Fe as well as organic acid, which are known to inhibit the absorption of Ca and Mg (Karak et al, 2017;Sembratowicz & Rusinek-Prystupa, 2014). In addition, the lower blood levels of Ca, Mg, Se and Fe among the e-waste recyclers may be related to their varied dietary habits and lower income status compared to the control population.…”