Comparative assessment of blood biochemistry and haematology normal ranges between Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) from seawater and freshwater farms

Casanovas, Paula; Walker, Seumas P.; Johnston, Hazel; Johnston, Colin; Symonds, Jane E.

doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.736464

Cited by 30 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…However, when considering broader variations in the plasma protein panel, the limited effects on other key inflammatory-related markers such as total WBC counts (Figure 2A: 1) and levels of ALB (Figure 3A: 2), c-reactive protein (C-RP) (Figure 3A: 6), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) (Figure 3A: 7), and lysozyme (LYS) (Figure 3A: 8) indicate a relatively mild immune response to the warmer conditions. Similarly, many of the immune-based plasma parameters in fish under both thermal regimes were within the normal reference range for healthy farmed Chinook salmon that we previously established [27]. No evidence of excessive redox imbalance due to thermal stress was uncovered via relative production of ROS in PBMCs (Figure 2A: 7), plasma activity of catalase (CAT) (a ROS-detoxifying enzyme) (Figure 3A: 9), plasma antioxidant capacities (eBQC values) (Figure 3B: 1-3), or through enhanced levels of lipid peroxides (LPx) (an oxidative damage biomarker) (Figure 3B: 4).…”

Section: Thermal Stress Associationssupporting

confidence: 64%

Section: Thermal Stress Associationssupporting

confidence: 64%

“…Diminished capacity for ion regulation in Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ) and sea bream ( Sparus aurata ) during thermal stress is associated with reduced Na + /K + -ATPase activity [ 29 , 30 ]. Evaluating our results beyond relative differences, chronic thermal stress-triggered plasma levels of Cl − and Na + to rise outside the normal reference range [ 27 ], indicating the severity of the effect. A further appraisal is needed to ascertain whether these ion levels were being maintained under homeostatic control and within an adaptive regulatory capacity.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Uncoupling Thermotolerance and Growth Performance in Chinook Salmon: Blood Biochemistry and Immune Capacity

et al. 2021

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Ocean warming and extreme sea surface temperature anomalies are threatening wild and domesticated fish stocks in various regions. Understanding mechanisms for thermotolerance and processes associated with divergent growth performance is key to the future success of aquaculture and fisheries management. Herein, we exposed Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) to environmentally relevant water temperatures (19–20 °C) approaching their upper physiological limit for three months and sought to identify blood biomarkers associated with thermal stress and resilience. In parallel, blood biochemical associations with growth performance were also investigated. Temperature stress-activated leukocyte apoptosis induced a minor immune response, and influenced blood ion profiles indicative of osmoregulatory perturbation, regardless of how well fish grew. Conversely, fish displaying poor growth performance irrespective of temperature exhibited numerous biomarker shifts including haematology indices, cellular-based enzyme activities, and blood clinical chemistries associated with malnutrition and disturbances in energy metabolism, endocrine functioning, immunocompetence, redox status, and osmoregulation. Findings provide insight into mechanisms of stress tolerance and compromised growth potential. Biochemical phenotypes associated with growth performance and health can potentially be used to improve selective breeding strategies.

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Section: Thermal Stress Associationssupporting

confidence: 64%

Section: Thermal Stress Associationssupporting

confidence: 64%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Uncoupling Thermotolerance and Growth Performance in Chinook Salmon: Blood Biochemistry and Immune Capacity

et al. 2021

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“…Measuring biochemical blood indices helps diagnose the feed utilization quality, metabolic function, immune response, and stress resistance of aquatic organisms [ 60 ]. The protein metabolites (total protein, albumin, and globulin), lipid metabolites (total cholesterol and triglycerides), liver condition (ALT and AST), and kidney condition (creatinine and urea) related indices [ 61 ] are the main factors detected in the present study in response with MOS feeding in grey mullet.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mannan Oligosaccharide Enhanced the Growth Rate, Digestive Enzyme Activity, Carcass Composition, and Blood Chemistry of Thinlip Grey Mullet (Liza ramada)

Magouz

Bassuini

Khalafalla

et al. 2021

Animals

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Mannan oligosaccharide (MOS) is prebiotic with high functionality in aquaculture. The current study investigated the potential roles of MOS on the growth performance, digestive enzyme activity, carcass composition, and blood chemistry of Thinlip grey mullet (Liza ramada). Four tested diets with 34.49% crude protein and 6.29% of total lipids were prepared and fortified with 0, 0.5, 1, and 2% MOS. Fish of initial weight = 5.14 ± 0.11 g/fish were distributed in 12 hapas (0.5 × 0.5 × 1 m) at 15 fish per hapa (triplicates) and fed the test diets to the satiation level two times a day (08:00 and 15:00) for eight weeks. At the end of the trial, all fish were weighed individually for growth performance calculation. Blood was collected to check blood chemistry traits, and intestines were dissected for digestive enzyme analysis. Fish treated with MOS had marked enhancement in the final body weight, feed conversion ratio, protein gain, and protein retention regardless of inclusion dose (p < 0.05). The weight gain, specific growth rate, and protein efficiency ratio were meaningfully enhanced by including MOS at 0.5 and 1%, followed by fish fed with 2% MOS, while the lowest values were in the control group (p < 0.05). Insignificant influences of MOS were seen on the chemical composition of carcass components (moisture, crude protein, total lipids, and ash) (p > 0.05). Fish treated with MOS at 0.5 and 1% had marked enhancement in the amylase, lipase, and protease activities regardless of inclusion dose (p < 0.05). The blood total protein and albumin levels were meaningfully enhanced by including MOS at 0.5 and 1%, followed by fish fed with 2% MOS, while the lowest values were in the control group (p < 0.05). The blood globulin was significantly enhanced in fish fed 1% MOS than fish treated with 0, 0.5, and 2% of MOS (p < 0.05). The blood lysozyme activity was meaningfully enhanced by including MOS at 1%, followed by fish treated with 0.5 and 2%, while the lowest values were in the control group (p < 0.05). Phagocytic activity and phagocytic index were markedly improved in fish treated with 1 and 2% MOS, followed by those fed 0.5% compared with fish fed MOS-free diet (p < 0.05). Superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase were markedly improved in fish treated with 1, and 2% MOS, followed by those fed 0.5% compared with fish fed MOS-free diet (p < 0.05). Dietary MOS (0.5, 1, and 2%) meaningfully enhanced catalase activity while decreased the malondialdehyde concentration (p < 0.05). In summary, dietary MOS is required at 0.5–1% for enhancing the growth rate, feed efficiency, digestive enzyme activity, blood chemistry, and antioxidative capacity of grey mullet.

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“…Haematological parameters and TP vary widely in different species, interindividual, and different farming conditions. For monitoring these variations, reference interval for different species in farming conditions or captured from the environment has been widely reported [ 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 ]. However, comparing haematology data as biological indicators between fish species or even the same species farmed in different experimental conditions is extremely difficult, if not impossible.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blood Performance: A New Formula for Fish Growth and Health

Esmaeili

2021

Biology

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Monitoring fish health in a repeatable and accurate manner can contribute to the profitability and sustainability of aquaculture. Haematological and blood biochemistry parameters have been powerful tools and becoming increasingly common in aquaculture studies. Fish growth is closely related to its health status. A fish with a higher growth rate is more likely to be a healthy one. Any change in the physiological status of the fish, from pollution to nutritional stress, can cause changes in the blood parameters. Various aquaculture studies have measured the following components: red blood cells, white blood cells, haemoglobin, haematocrit, and total protein. However, because these parameters do not always follow the same trend across experimental fish, it is difficult to draw a firm conclusion about which parameter should be considered. Therefore, Blood Performance (BP) as a new formula is introduced, which is a more reliable indicator. This formula is simple and sums up the natural logarithm of the five above-mentioned parameters. More than 90 published peer-reviewed articles that measured these five parameters in the last six years confirmed the reliability and validity of this formula. Regardless of which supplements were added to the diets, the fish with a higher growth rate had higher BP as well. In addition, in 44 studies out of 53 articles, there was a significant positive correlation between specific growth rate and BP. Under different stressful situations, from pollution to thermal stress, the fish under stress had a lower BP than the control. Fish meal and fish oil replacement studies were further evidence for this formula and showed that adding excessive alternative proteins decreased growth along with BP. In conclusion, BP can be a reliable indicator of fish health and growth when it is compared between groups in the same experiment or farm. Although there was a positive correlation between specific growth rate and BP, comparing BP between experiments is not recommended. Standardising the haematological assays can improve the reliability and accuracy of BP across experiments.

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Comparative assessment of blood biochemistry and haematology normal ranges between Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) from seawater and freshwater farms

Cited by 30 publications

References 40 publications

Uncoupling Thermotolerance and Growth Performance in Chinook Salmon: Blood Biochemistry and Immune Capacity

Uncoupling Thermotolerance and Growth Performance in Chinook Salmon: Blood Biochemistry and Immune Capacity

Mannan Oligosaccharide Enhanced the Growth Rate, Digestive Enzyme Activity, Carcass Composition, and Blood Chemistry of Thinlip Grey Mullet (Liza ramada)

Blood Performance: A New Formula for Fish Growth and Health

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