Comparative assessment of anti-cancer drugs against NUDT15 variants to prevent leucopenia side effect in leukemia patients

Abstract

Background Human nucleotide triphosphate diphosphatase (NUDT15) is one of the essential proteins involved in the hydrolysis of anti-cancer drugs against leukemia. Polymorphisms in NUDT15 significantly affect the hydrolysis activity that leads to side effects, including leucopenia. Drugs having a better affinity with NUDT15 protein and contributing stable conformation may benefit patients from leucopenia. Most frequent NUDT15 polymorphisms causing structure variability and their association with leukemia were screened. The selected protein variants and anti-cancer drug structures were collected. Further, molecular docking was performed between drugs and NUDT15 variants along with the wild-type. Finally, molecular dynamics were executed for 100 ns to understand the stability of the protein with the anti-cancer drug based on molecular trajectories. Results Three-dimensional structures of NUDT15 wild, the most frequent variants (Val18Ile, Arg139Cys, and Arg139), and the anti-cancer drugs (azathioprine, mercaptopurine, and thioguanine) were selected and retrieved from structure databases. On molecular docking the binding energies of anti-cancer drugs against NUDT15 structures ranged from − 5.0 to − 5.9 kcal/mol. Among them, azathioprine showed the highest affinities (− 7.3 kcal/mol) for the wild and variant structures. Additionally, the molecular dynamics suggest all analyzed NUDT15 were stable with azathioprine based on the dynamic trajectories. Conclusion Our results suggest azathioprine could be the preferable anti-cancer drug for the population with NUDT15 variants that could effectively be hydrolyzed as evidenced by molecular docking and dynamic simulation.