Abstract:-Air quality data (ground level ozone (O 3 ), NO, NOx, SO 2 , CO, H 2 S and NH 3 ) of two Kuwaiti urban areas adjacent to petroleum processing facilities, Fahaheel and Al-Riqa, were analyzed and compared to evaluate: (1) the exceedances of the Kuwait Environment Public Authority (KUEPA) air quality limits, (2) primary air pollution sources and their contribution to the ambient load, (3) diurnal patterns of air pollutants and (4) the "weekend effect" on O 3 levels. High O 3 levels, above the threshold limit for… Show more
“…Also higher traffic emissions contribution is particularly evident in winter season. Generally speaking, the measured volatile organic compounds seem to behave in a way similar to each other, and the main source of VOC pollutants in Kuwait city comes from motor vehicles, although industrial sources are also relevant [6]. However, the low measured concentrations of VOCs indicate that they mostly decay before reaching the city, thus confirming that the contribution of the oil industry sources in Kuwait is minimal.…”
Section: Influence Of Seasons On the Concentration Of Pollutantsmentioning
confidence: 65%
“…The seasonal variation in ambient levels varies from component to component. For example, SO 2 during the winter season, reflects an increase in emissions (16.3 µg/m 3 ) associated with domestic heating in Kuwait city and a decrease in the rate of the gas-phase loss of SO 2 via chemical conversion to sulfate or in part a result of short-range transport of SO 2 from oil fields., while a dramatic decrease during the summer is mainly associated with prevailing wind direction NW that transports the SO 2 from oil fields away from Kuwait city [6]. The change in "normality" behavior between winter and summer months, an increase of concentrations up to 6.8 µg/m 3 on average, may also be explained considering that SO 2 emissions may be likely associated to the nearby Power Plant located upwind of the city.…”
Section: Influence Of Seasons On the Concentration Of Pollutantsmentioning
Measurements of gaseous SO 2 , NO, NO 2 , H 2 S, O 3 , NH 3 and VOCs, in Kuwait city using IVL passive sampler technology, were obtained on monthly basis during the period from March 2011 to February 2012 at 10 locations. The results of this study reveal that those compounds had low concentrations compared to Kuwait Environment Public Authority standards for residential areas. It is found that nitrogen oxides, benzene and xylene were mostly emitted from motor vehicles; in contrast, industrial sources including oil industries were a major contributor to sulfur dioxide and toluene pollution. Higher concentrations of NOx and SO 2 were recorded during winter season where the inversion layer is quite pronounced thus trapping more pollutants in ambient air, while higher O 3 values were recorded in summer period; the hot season in Kuwait. The spatial distributions of the measured gaseous air pollutants were extremely consistent with the influence of the prevailing wind direction NW. In general and except for PM 10 , the yearly average air quality indices (AQI) of SO 2 , NO 2 , CO and O 3 concentrations are coming under the category of "good" and "moderate".
“…Also higher traffic emissions contribution is particularly evident in winter season. Generally speaking, the measured volatile organic compounds seem to behave in a way similar to each other, and the main source of VOC pollutants in Kuwait city comes from motor vehicles, although industrial sources are also relevant [6]. However, the low measured concentrations of VOCs indicate that they mostly decay before reaching the city, thus confirming that the contribution of the oil industry sources in Kuwait is minimal.…”
Section: Influence Of Seasons On the Concentration Of Pollutantsmentioning
confidence: 65%
“…The seasonal variation in ambient levels varies from component to component. For example, SO 2 during the winter season, reflects an increase in emissions (16.3 µg/m 3 ) associated with domestic heating in Kuwait city and a decrease in the rate of the gas-phase loss of SO 2 via chemical conversion to sulfate or in part a result of short-range transport of SO 2 from oil fields., while a dramatic decrease during the summer is mainly associated with prevailing wind direction NW that transports the SO 2 from oil fields away from Kuwait city [6]. The change in "normality" behavior between winter and summer months, an increase of concentrations up to 6.8 µg/m 3 on average, may also be explained considering that SO 2 emissions may be likely associated to the nearby Power Plant located upwind of the city.…”
Section: Influence Of Seasons On the Concentration Of Pollutantsmentioning
Measurements of gaseous SO 2 , NO, NO 2 , H 2 S, O 3 , NH 3 and VOCs, in Kuwait city using IVL passive sampler technology, were obtained on monthly basis during the period from March 2011 to February 2012 at 10 locations. The results of this study reveal that those compounds had low concentrations compared to Kuwait Environment Public Authority standards for residential areas. It is found that nitrogen oxides, benzene and xylene were mostly emitted from motor vehicles; in contrast, industrial sources including oil industries were a major contributor to sulfur dioxide and toluene pollution. Higher concentrations of NOx and SO 2 were recorded during winter season where the inversion layer is quite pronounced thus trapping more pollutants in ambient air, while higher O 3 values were recorded in summer period; the hot season in Kuwait. The spatial distributions of the measured gaseous air pollutants were extremely consistent with the influence of the prevailing wind direction NW. In general and except for PM 10 , the yearly average air quality indices (AQI) of SO 2 , NO 2 , CO and O 3 concentrations are coming under the category of "good" and "moderate".
“…About 100,000 residents are reported to reside in the area which is also adjacent to the state's largest oil refinery (Mina Al-Ahmadi, MAA). All refineries, including MAA comprising Kuwait's three refinery belt alongside Mina Abdullah (MAB) and Shuibah (SHU), are located on the southern side of the main shopping area of Fahaheel (downtown) [14]. On the southern side of the area there are also petrochemical industries and other small private (cottage) industries.…”
Section: Study Areamentioning
confidence: 99%
“…On the southern side of the area there are also petrochemical industries and other small private (cottage) industries. Readers are referred to Al-Salem and Khan [14] for a satellite image depicting main routes for commuting and industrial sites around Fahaheel.…”
Continuously monitored ambient concentrations of ozone (O3), nitrogen monoxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and nitrogen oxides (NOx) for the years 2004-2005 and 2014-2015 are used to understand the relationships and photochemical rections between ozone (O3) and nitrogen oxides (NOX ≈ NO+NO2) in one of Kuwait's major urban areas (Fahaheel). The objective of the study is to investigate the fate of O3 as a secondary pollutant and to determine the chemical coupling and mixing ratio of NO2 to O3. The variation of total atmopsheric oxides (OX = O3+NO2) concentrations with NO2 is also assessed to gain an insight into the atmospheric sources of OX. In addition, the diurnal variations of NO, NO2, NOX, O3, and OX along with variation of regional and local Ox are examined. The daytime and night-time relationships between O3 and NOX and the ozone weekend effect in Fahaheel area are also reported in this communication. This study creates a historical baseline for urban areas subjected to heavy industrial emissions that can significantly improve our understanding of the impacts of future changes in O3 concentrations.
“…The PM levels in Kuwait's cities have been on the rise, attributable to a significant increase in vehicular traffic-the number of vehicles in 2004 was 1.042 million, whereas this number reached to 1.916 million in 2014 (KEPA, 2014). Traffic remains the main source of air pollution in Kuwait's cities, while upstream/downstream industrial sources such as power plants, oil fields and various other industries contribute to a much lesser degree (Al-Salem and Khan, 2008). Table 1 shows the total PM 10 and PM 2.5 emission rates from various sources in Kuwait city.…”
Hourly PM 10 and PM 2.5 samples were simultaneously collected at 10 and 3 urban sites, respectively in Kuwait from March 2014 to February 2015, to study the air quality and heavy metals content and Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPHs) in PM 10 samples. The annual average concentrations of PM 10 and PM 2.5 were 152 and 97.3 µg/m 3 , respectively, with an average PM 2.5 /PM 10 ratio of 70%. The contamination level of heavy metals in PM 10 samples was assessed in terms of Enrichment Factor (EF) using mathematical models. The elements associated with an anthropogenic activity in the PM 10 samples; i.e., Pb, Cu, Co, Cd and Zn, were 2
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.