Comparative Anesthesia and Analgesia of Laboratory Animals

Flecknell, Paul; Thomas, Aurelie A.

doi:10.1002/9781119421375.ch39

Cited by 21 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…Lateral recumbency (or loss of the righting reflex) after drug administration to laboratory rodents is considered a marker of anesthesia onset. 21 In our current study, all squirrels in all protocols lacked the righting reflex from times 0 to 40 in the ABM and AKD groups and from times 0 to 20 in the AK group, thus suggesting that these protocols can provide immobilization for this range of time in this species. Because drug antagonists were administered at 40 min after anesthetic induction, we could not determine the potential duration of anesthesia that the AKD and ABM protocols can provide.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 49%

Anesthetic Effects of Alfaxalone–Ketamine, Alfaxalone–Ketamine–Dexmedetomidine, and Alfaxalone–Butorphanol–Midazolam Administered Intramuscularly in Five‑striped Palm Squirrels (Funambulus pennantii)

Eshar¹,

Beaufrère²

2020

j am assoc lab anim sci

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Injectable anesthesia protocols for five-striped palm squirrels (Funambulus pennantii) are poorly described in the literature.In this study, male intact squirrels received intramuscular injections of either alfaxalone (6 mg/kg) and ketamine (40 mg/kg; AK group, n = 8); alfaxalone (6 mg/kg), ketamine (20 mg/kg), and dexmedetomidine (0.1 mg/kg; AKD group, n = 8); or alfaxalone (8 mg/kg), butorphanol (1 mg/kg), and midazolam (1 mg/kg; ABM group, n = 8). Atipamezole (0.15 mg/kg IM) and flumazenil (0.1 mg/kg IM) were administered 40 min after anesthesia induction (defined as loss of the righting reflex) with AKD and ABM, respectively. Heart rate, respiratory rate, rectal temperature, and reflexes were recorded every 5 min during anesthesia. Anesthetic induction was rapid in all groups (AK: median, 49 s; range, 33 to 60 s; AKD, 60 s; 54 to 70 s; and ABM, 15 s; 5 to 58 s). The anesthetic duration (from induction to full recovery) for the AK group was 62 ± 3 min (mean ± 1 SD). Therewas no statistically significant difference between the ABM and AKD groups regarding recovery time after partial antagonist administration and was 51 ± 5 and 48 ± 5 min, respectively. All AK animals showed twitching and abnormal vocalization during recovery. The righting reflex was absent in all squirrels for 20 min in the AK treatment group and throughout the 40-min anesthetic period in the AKD and ABM groups. The frontlimb withdrawal response was absent in all squirrels for the 40-min anesthetic period in the AKD and ABM groups, with variable responses for the AK treatment. All tested protocols in this study provided safe and effective immobilization in five-striped palm squirrels, but oxygen and thermal support wereindicated. Anesthetic depth must be determined before surgical procedures are performed in palm squirrels anesthetized by using these regimens.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 49%

Anesthetic Effects of Alfaxalone–Ketamine, Alfaxalone–Ketamine–Dexmedetomidine, and Alfaxalone–Butorphanol–Midazolam Administered Intramuscularly in Five‑striped Palm Squirrels (Funambulus pennantii)

Eshar¹,

Beaufrère²

2020

j am assoc lab anim sci

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“…Due to the different intervention priorities, the types of anesthetics commonly used in human beings and laboratory animals vary considerably (see Table 1 ). Electrophysiological measurements of brain activity, as well as other experimental parameters, are influenced by anesthesia in an anesthetic-dependent manner [ 8 ]. The use of general anesthetics in particular can impact considerably the findings as they act with specific tropism on different brain regions and alter various neuronal functions [ 9 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding the Effects of Anesthesia on Cortical Electrophysiological Recordings: A Scoping Review

Sorrenti

Cecchetto

Maschietto

et al. 2021

IJMS

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General anesthesia in animal experiments is an ethical must and is required for all the procedures that are likely to cause more than slight or momentary pain. As anesthetics are known to deeply affect experimental findings, including electrophysiological recordings of brain activity, understanding their mechanism of action is of paramount importance. It is widely recognized that the depth and type of anesthesia introduce significant bias in electrophysiological measurements by affecting the shape of both spontaneous and evoked signals, e.g., modifying their latency and relative amplitude. Therefore, for a given experimental protocol, it is relevant to identify the appropriate anesthetic, to minimize the impact on neuronal circuits and related signals under investigation. This review focuses on the effect of different anesthetics on cortical electrical recordings, examining their molecular mechanisms of action, their influence on neuronal microcircuits and, consequently, their impact on cortical measurements.

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“…The intraperitoneal (IP) route of administration is often utilized for laboratory mice when there is an inability to use inhalant anesthesia for research-specific requirements, lack of inhalational anesthesia equipment, or due to technical limitations of intravenous or intramuscular injections in small species [ 4 ]. Ketamine is frequently combined with xylazine to induce and maintain anesthesia for a variety of procedures in laboratory mice [ 5 ]. However, a great deal of variability in anesthetic sensitivities has been noted based on strain, sex, and age, such that inconsistencies in anesthetic depth and/or mortality among individual rodents remains a concern [ 6 – 8 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anesthetic effects and body weight changes associated with ketamine-xylazine-lidocaine administered to CD-1 mice

et al. 2017

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Anesthesia for mice is commonly performed through the injection of parenteral agents via the intraperitoneal (IP) route. Variability in anesthetic sensitivities has been noted in mice resulting in inconsistencies in anesthetic depth and/or mortality. Anesthetic protocols that improve consistency and safety are needed. The objectives of this study were to assess the effects of intraperitoneal (IP) ketamine (95 mg/kg) and xylazine (7 mg/kg) alone or combined with lidocaine at 4, 8, or 16 mg/kg on time to loss (LRR) and return (RRR) of righting reflex, duration of immobilization and loss of pedal withdrawal response (PWR), body weight and histopathology in CD-1 mice. In a prospective, randomized trial, 36 male CD-1 mice, 4–6 weeks of age were randomly assigned to 5 groups: saline (SA, n = 4); ketamine-xylazine (KX, n = 8); ketamine-xylazine-lidocaine 4 mg/kg (KXL4, n = 8); ketamine-xylazine-lidocaine 8 mg/kg (KXL8, n = 8); ketamine-xylazine-lidocaine 16 mg/kg (KXL16, n = 8). Two mice in each group were euthanized at day 2 post-injection and the remaining mice were euthanized at day 11 post-injection. After IP injection, LRR and RRR, duration of immobilization and loss of PWR, body weight and histopathology were evaluated. LRR occurred sooner in mice receiving KXL16 compared with KX, with median (range) times of 78 (62–104) and 107 (91–298) seconds, respectively. Loss of PWR occurred in 1, 5, 4, 6 mice for groups KX, KXL4, KXL8, and KXL16 respectively. Median (range) duration of absent PWR was longer in mice receiving KXL16 at 13 (0–30) minutes, compared to KX at 0 (0–9) minutes. Duration of immobilization and RRR were not different between groups. Weight loss occurred 2 days following anesthesia but was not different between groups. Weight gain was significantly greater in all lidocaine groups 11 days post-injection compared to KX. No mortality or histopathologic abnormalities were observed in any group. Lidocaine administered with ketamine and xylazine shortens the onset of anesthesia in mice and improves anesthetic depth without prolonging recovery time.

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Comparative Anesthesia and Analgesia of Laboratory Animals

Cited by 21 publications

References 54 publications

Anesthetic Effects of Alfaxalone–Ketamine, Alfaxalone–Ketamine–Dexmedetomidine, and Alfaxalone–Butorphanol–Midazolam Administered Intramuscularly in Five‑striped Palm Squirrels (Funambulus pennantii)

Anesthetic Effects of Alfaxalone–Ketamine, Alfaxalone–Ketamine–Dexmedetomidine, and Alfaxalone–Butorphanol–Midazolam Administered Intramuscularly in Five‑striped Palm Squirrels (Funambulus pennantii)

Understanding the Effects of Anesthesia on Cortical Electrophysiological Recordings: A Scoping Review

Anesthetic effects and body weight changes associated with ketamine-xylazine-lidocaine administered to CD-1 mice

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