“…Similarly, Pliobates cataloniae Alba et al, 2015 from the Middle/Late Miocene (11.6 Ma) of Spain, known on the basis of a partial skeleton, was originally considered a stem hominoid (Alba et al, 2015) but alternatively interpreted as a possible pliopithecoid (Benefit and McCrossin, 2015;Gilbert et al, 2020aGilbert et al, , 2020b. Pliobates displays a mosaic of plesiomorphic (stem catarrhine-like) and derived (crown hominoid-like) features (Alba et al, 2015;Bouchet et al, 2021), but work in progress by the authors supports the hypothesis that it is a stem catarrhine postcranially convergent with hominoids.…”
Section: Taxonomic Scope and Aims Of This Reviewmentioning
“…Similarly, Pliobates cataloniae Alba et al, 2015 from the Middle/Late Miocene (11.6 Ma) of Spain, known on the basis of a partial skeleton, was originally considered a stem hominoid (Alba et al, 2015) but alternatively interpreted as a possible pliopithecoid (Benefit and McCrossin, 2015;Gilbert et al, 2020aGilbert et al, , 2020b. Pliobates displays a mosaic of plesiomorphic (stem catarrhine-like) and derived (crown hominoid-like) features (Alba et al, 2015;Bouchet et al, 2021), but work in progress by the authors supports the hypothesis that it is a stem catarrhine postcranially convergent with hominoids.…”
Section: Taxonomic Scope and Aims Of This Reviewmentioning
“…1 ). A recent analysis of Pliobates carotid canal anatomy showed no particular similarities with either the pliopithecoid Epipliopithecus or hylobatids 9 and preliminary morphometric analyses of the inner ear semicircular canals supported a stem catarrhine status more derived than propliopithecoids and Epipliopithecus , despite some similarities with the latter 10 . Fig.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 90%
“… 1 (Supplementary Data 4 and 5 ); furthermore, due to the addition of new taxa, we modified the definition and/or recoded the taxa for the following characters: #18, #24, #35, #38, #41, #43, #45, #47, #53–56, #58–59, #64–69, and #88 (Supplementary Data 4 and 5 ). We further updated the cranial and postcranial features based on recently published papers dealing with Pliobates and/or other pliopithecoids 9 , 10 , 34 , 46 (Supplementary Data 4 and 5 ): in the case of the cranium, we updated the characters related to the carotid canal based on ref. 9 (i.e., discarding characters #106 and #107 of ref.…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…We further updated the cranial and postcranial features based on recently published papers dealing with Pliobates and/or other pliopithecoids 9 , 10 , 34 , 46 (Supplementary Data 4 and 5 ): in the case of the cranium, we updated the characters related to the carotid canal based on ref. 9 (i.e., discarding characters #106 and #107 of ref. 1 and rather adding the two characters from ref.…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“… 1 and rather adding the two characters from ref. 9 corresponding to #167 and #168 here; Supplementary Data 4 and 5 ) and added those of the semicircular canals based on ref. 10 and the preliminary results reported so far for Pliobates in ref.…”
The systematic status of the small-bodied catarrhine primate Pliobates cataloniae, from the Miocene (11.6 Ma) of Spain, is controversial because it displays a mosaic of primitive and derived features compared with extant hominoids (apes and humans). Cladistic analyses have recovered Pliobates as either a stem hominoid or as a pliopithecoid stem catarrhine (i.e., preceding the cercopithecoid–hominoid divergence). Here, we describe additional dental remains of P. cataloniae from another locality that display unambiguous synapomorphies of crouzeliid pliopithecoids. Our cladistic analyses support a close phylogenetic link with poorly-known small crouzeliids from Europe based on (cranio)dental characters but recover pliopithecoids as stem hominoids when postcranial characters are included. We conclude that Pliobates is a derived stem catarrhine that shows postcranial convergences with modern apes in the elbow and wrist joints—thus clarifying pliopithecoid evolution and illustrating the plausibility of independent acquisition of postcranial similarities between hylobatids and hominids.
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