Comparative Analysis of β-Carotene Hydroxylase Genes for Astaxanthin Biosynthesis

Scaife, M. A.; Cynthia, A. Derdeyn; Ninlayarn, Thanyanun; Wright, Phillip C.; Armenta, Roberto E.

doi:10.1021/np300136t

Cited by 25 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Professor Basil Weedon's group was the first to prove the structure of astaxanthin by synthesis, in 1975 3 . Astaxanthin, unlike some other carotenoids, is not converted to vitamin A (retinol) in the human body 4 . Too much vitamin A is toxic for a human, animal, but astaxanthin has lower toxicity.…”

Section: Quick Response Codementioning

confidence: 99%

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2015

IJPSR

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India having a large stretch of marine coastline is advantageous as a natural resource for marine aquaculture. But the waste produce from the marine processing industries fetch a greater environmental risk as there is accumulation of wastes in huge quantity. These wastes are a larger source of natural carotenoids that have a huge pharmaceutical potentials. So proper initiatives must be taken to recycle the waste into a product. Natural astaxanthin from crustacean shell waste is a better alternative to the synthetic orange-red pigment. In this present investigation astaxanthin was extracted from crustacean shell waste, by using organic solvents of different polarities (Hexane, methanol, ethanol, petroleum ether, chloroform and acetone). Characterization of the astaxanthin pigment were performed by TLC buy comparing the Retardation factor (R f) as indicated in Lorenz Todd standard chromatogram where three bands of Astaxanthin (R f =0.36), Astaxanthin monoester(R f =0.60) and Astaxanthin diester (R f =0.75) were detected. The extraction yield of the natural carotenoid from shrimp waste was compared amongst all solvents spectrophotometrically at 470 nm and quantified using equation of Kelley and Harmon. Astaxanthin yield obtained from acetone extract was highest with 48.64µg/g compared to other solvent extracts. These extract were then subjected to the microbiological assay by against gram positive and gram negative bacteria, where the methanolic extract gave highest zone of inhibition as compared to the extracts with other organic solvents.

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Section: Quick Response Codementioning

confidence: 99%

Untitled

2015

IJPSR

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“…Recent work has suggested that efficient biosynthesis of astaxanthin can proceed from β-carotene to astaxanthin via zeaxanthin. Carotenoid extraction has been studied extensively; for example, the extraction of canthaxanthin (a precursor to astaxanthin) was studied within an E. coli production process and found that extraction efficiency was increased substantially when two solvents, acetone and methanol, were used sequentially rather than as a combined solution (Scaife et al, 2012). Monascus pigments, produced by the fungi Monascus anka and Monascus purpureus, are the best known of the microbial colorants.…”

Section: Production Of Pigmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Other Organism‐Based Processes and Products

Lee

2014

Fundamentals of Food Biotechnology

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Enzymes, which are protein catalysts synthesized by living systems, are important as synthetic and degradative catalysts. With the help of a multitude of enzymes, microorganisms are able to carry out the huge number of stepwise chemical reactions necessary for the growth and maintenance of cells (metabolism). Many microorganisms synthesize additional, often complex substances, which play no part in the growth process, the so-called secondary metabolites such as flavor and fragrances. Most of the chemical reactions taking place in living cells are completed in milliseconds or less, within a relatively narrow range of physical conditions. This rapid rate of metabolism is due to the existence of biological catalysts, namely enzymes. Enzymes not only make essential contributions to cellular activities, but also find many applications in biotechnology, especially in the food processing industry, for manufacturing cheese, beer, wine, bread, sweeteners, and so on, and in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries for synthesizing amino acids and antibiotics.While the presence of natural enzymes is advantageous in curing food products such as cheese and meat to give desirable textures and flavors, natural enzymes may produce undesirable reactions, such as rancidity from lipases and browning reactions due to polyphenol oxidases. Sometimes natural enzymes in foods are used as an index of the pasteurization of milk or cheese (by the detection of phosphatase or catalase) or to indicate the presence of peroxidase in vegetable products (as evidence of incomplete blanching). Recognition of the functions and the usefulness of enzymes in bringing about desirable changes in foods has led to the large-scale production of commercial enzymes. Of the more than 4000 enzymes known from animal, plant, or microbial sources, fewer than 20 are industrially produced on a large scale for the production of foods and intermediates. The majority of enzymes are hydrolases such as amylases, cellulases, pectinases, and proteases, which degrade polymeric substances to simple molecules. The world market for total enzymes is predicted to $7 billion in 2013

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“…Many b-carotene hydroxylase genes have been cloned and characterized, and show immense potential to increase the xanthophyll cycle pool size (Davison et al 2002;Hundle et al 1993;Kim and Keasling 2001;Masamoto et al 1998;Scaife et al 2012;Sun et al 1996). Two b-carotene hydroxylase genes have been cloned and characterized from tomato (Galpaz et al 2006), which locate in different tissues of tomato.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ectopic expression of the Lycium barbarum β-carotene hydroxylase gene (chyb) enhances drought and salt stress resistance by increasing xanthophyll cycle pool in tobacco

Jing

Wang

et al. 2015

Plant Cell Tiss Organ Cult

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Abiotic stresses, such as drought and salinity, are major limiting factors for plant growth and reproduction. Carotenoids play key roles in response to abiotic stresses. To identify the role of Lycium barbarum b-carotene hydroxylase gene (chyb) under drought and salt stress, we checked the physiological and biochemical properties of chyb-overexpressing transgenic tobacco. Ectopic expression of chyb in tobacco increased the drought and salt tolerance in the transgenic lines. The amounts of xanthophylls cycle pigments were significantly increased in the transgenic lines compared with the controls. Under osmotic stress conditions, the root length and shoot biomass of the transgenic lines were significantly increased. Under drought stress conditions, the transgenic lines leaves lost water slower than the WT plants and the photosynthesis rate and SOD activity were significantly increased, whereas stomatal conductance and malondialdehyde content were decreased in the transgenic lines. Under salt stress conditions, proline and chlorophyll levels of the transgenic lines were significantly increased, whereas malondialdehyde and Na ? /K ? ratios were significantly decreased. Thus, these findings suggest that L. barbarum chyb gene dramatically enlarge the xanthophyll cycle pool size, which plays an important role in resistance to drought and salt stress in tobacco.

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Comparative Analysis of β-Carotene Hydroxylase Genes for Astaxanthin Biosynthesis

Cited by 25 publications

References 24 publications

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Other Organism‐Based Processes and Products

Ectopic expression of the Lycium barbarum β-carotene hydroxylase gene (chyb) enhances drought and salt stress resistance by increasing xanthophyll cycle pool in tobacco

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