Comparative analysis of volatile compound profiles of propolis from different provenances

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Propolis is a complex mixture that honey bees produce from the exudates of various plants and presents many medicinal properties. Its chemical composition varies according to the phytogeography characteristics of each region, among others. The aim of this study was to identify and characterize the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) present in Venezuelan propolis and compare with reference samples such as Brazilian and Argentinian propolis. RESULTS:A total of 90 VOCs were identified in a series of propolis samples using both solid-phase microextraction and dynamic headspace (DHS), both coupled to a gas chromatograph-electron ionization mass spectrometer. In the case of Venezuelan propolis, sesquiterpenes, esters, aromatic compounds, and aliphatic hydrocarbons were identified. Limonene was found only in Venezuelan samples, this being the first time it has been identified in samples from this country. In the case of green propolis, -caryophyllene and nerolidol were the major compounds. As for the Argentinian samples, prenyl acetate, benzyl acetate, and 2-phenylethyl acetate were detected only in these samples.CONCLUSIONS: Possible chemical markers of natural sources such as limonene were detected using DHS extraction. Several compounds have also been identified for the first time in Venezuelan propolis. Cluster analysis allowed the relating of the propolis VOCs profile to their provenance.

Chinese Propolis: Ultrasound‐assisted enhanced ethanolic extraction, volatile components analysis, antioxidant and antibacterial activity comparison

“…The primary polyphenol (flavonoid) content in propolis fluctuates qualitatively and quantitatively depending on the plant's environment and ecology (Dantas Silva et al., 2017). Headspace solid‐phase microextraction (HS‐SPME) has been proposed as a dependable tool for the analysis of volatile organic compounds (Mohtar et al., 2018), because it removes many drawbacks: (a) organic extraction, (b) higher cost and (c) prolonged extraction time.…”

Effects of Propolis Extraction with Different Solvents on Total Phenolic Content, Antioxidant Capacity and Antimicrobial Activity

“…Bu sebeple alkol bazlı olmayan etkili bir ekstraksiyon tekniğine ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Su [17,18], metanol [19][20][21], metilen klorür [19], diklorometan [20], hegzan [22], etil asetat, aseton [18], zeytinyağı [11], β-siklodekstrin [11], dimetilsülfoksit [24], propilen glikol [25], gliserol [50] ve kloroform propolisin ekstraksiyonu için tercih edilen diğer çözücü bileşenlerdir. Ayrıca bu çözücü bileşenler arasında yapılan metanol-metilen klorür veya metanol-su gibi oransal birleşmelerin yapılması çözücülerin etkinliği arttırılarak ekstraksiyon iyileştirilmektedir [19].…”

“…Propolis ekstraksiyonunda en çok tercih edilen etanolün [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] dışında su [17,18], metanol [19][20][21], metilen klorür [19], diklorometan [20], hegzan [22], etil asetat [23], aseton [18], zeytinyağı [11], β-siklodekstrin [11], dimetilsülfoksit [18,24], propilen glikol, etil asetat ve kloroform [25] propolisin ekstraksiyonu için tercih edilen diğer çözücü bileşenlerdir.…”

Recent advances in analytical approaches for the standardization and quality of polyphenols of propolis

“…However, the majority of polyphenols from propolis are not volatile enough for GC-MS separation even after derivatization. As a consequence, GC-MS is generally used for the analysis of propolis volatile molecules that are mainly responsible for its specific aroma although their amount is generally very low (Mohtar et al, 2018;Pellati et al, 2013).…”