Comparative Analysis of Three Facial Scanners for Creating Digital Twins by Focusing on the Difference in Scanning Method

Abstract

Background: Multi-dimensional facial imaging is increasingly used in hospital clinics. A digital twin of the face can be created by reconstructing three-dimensional (3D) facial images using facial scanners. Therefore, the reliability, strengths, and weaknesses of scanners should be investigated and approved; Methods: Images obtained from three facial scanners (RayFace, MegaGen, and Artec Eva) were compared with cone-beam computed tomography images as the standard. Surface discrepancies were measured and analyzed at 14 specific reference points; Results: All scanners used in this study achieved acceptable results, although only scanner 3 obtained preferable results. Each scanner exhibited weak and strong points because of differences in the scanning methods. Scanner 2 exhibited the best result on the left endocanthion; scanner 1 achieved the best result on the left exocanthion and left alare; and scanner 3 achieved the best result on the left exocanthion (both cheeks); Conclusions: These comparative analysis data can be used when creating digital twins through segmentation, selecting and merging data, or developing a new scanner to overcome all shortcomings.

The Application of Forensic Imaging to Sex Estimation: Focus on Skull and Pelvic Structures

“…They use active light projections to render complex geometry, sharp corners and edges and other morphological characteristics for 3D images or models production of the object being scanned [70]. With the features of low cost, portability, surface texture captions, and reproducibility, surface scanning manifests its application feasibility in the skull [71] and pelvis [60] reconstructions which lay the foundation for its application to sex estimation. Despite the fact that relevant studies [57][58][59] on 3D surface scanning of skulls do not reflect its specific application to sex estimation, its strong metric analysis ability and high reproducibility advocate a high potential of this method to serve as an optional method for sex estimation based on skull structure when the complex CT imaging facility is not available.…”

Frontiers in Three-Dimensional Surface Imaging Systems for 3D Face Acquisition in Craniofacial Research and Practice: An Updated Literature Review

“…The predictive analytics offered by the software have been carefully linked with the actual treatment plan, allowing for easy monitoring and strict adherence to the devised treatment plan. The scanning accuracy of the RAYFace for creating digital face twins has been reported to be good, with an absolute surface discrepancy of 0.5277 when compared with the MegaGen and Artec Eva systems [94]. By integrating facial scans with CBCT, another study found RAYFace to be useful in identifying true mid-sagittal planes and anatomical landmarks [95].…”

Realistic Texture Mapping of 3D Medical Models Using RGBD Camera for Mixed Reality Applications

“…The Azure Kinect development kit (Azure Kinect DK, Microsoft Inc., Redmond, WA, USA), released in 2020, is based on a continuous-wave time of flight (ToF) camera and seems to be a viable 3D scanning solution for clinical and research applications, with a systematic error of less than 2 mm [34,35]. The RAYFace (RayMedical, Ray Co., Ltd., Seongnam, Republic of Korea) is a 3D one-shot face-scanning solution developed in 2020 and reached an absolute surface discrepancy of 0.5277 when compared with other facial scanners [36]. Regarding the Intel 3D camera D435 (Intel Corporation, Santa Clara, CA, USA), one of the most popular RGBD sensors, Singh et al [33] report that there is little research on its reliability.…”