Comparative analysis of the toxicological databases for 6:2 fluorotelomer alcohol (6:2 FTOH) and perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA)

Rice, Penelope A.; Aungst, Jason; Cooper, Jessica; Bandele, Omari J.; Kabadi, Shruti V.

doi:10.1016/j.fct.2020.111210

Cited by 52 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…For example, a recent study demonstrated that 6:2 uorotelomer alcohol (6:2 FTOH) is signicantly more toxic to rodents than peruorohexanoic acid (PFHxA). 65 The authors concluded that the use of toxicological studies conducted with PFHxA to assess 6:2 FTOH exposure may signicantly underestimate human health risk. Challenges with the above groups are the lack of an exhaustive list of present precursors and analytical methods for individually measuring all relevant precursors to a specic PFAA in a certain medium.…”

Section: Grouping Approaches That Inform Risk Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Strategies for grouping per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) to protect human and environmental health

Cousins

DeWitt

Glüge

et al. 2020

Environ. Sci.: Processes Impacts

138

106

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Section: Grouping Approaches That Inform Risk Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Strategies for grouping per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) to protect human and environmental health

Cousins

DeWitt

Glüge

et al. 2020

Environ. Sci.: Processes Impacts

138

106

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show abstract

“…The majority ( ∼ 85%) of PFAS are PFAA precursors, that is, they can degrade or metabolize into PFAAs in the environment or in living organisms (D'eon and Mabury 2007;Butt et al 2014;OECD 2018). Some of the intermediate metabolites of PFAA precursors may be more toxic than the final PFAA degradation products (Rand and Mabury 2012a, 2017Rice et al 2020). In particular, most PFAS currently used in consumer products are side-chain fluorinated polymers, in which the fluorinated side-chains are attached to a polymeric backbone and can cleave off, leading to PFCA terminal degradation products (Washington et al 2015(Washington et al , 2019.…”

Section: Why Regulating Individual Pfas Is Ineffectivementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Less is known about the toxicity of most PFAA precursors. Some studies suggest that fluorotelomer-based PFAA precursors, including their intermediate degradation products, are more toxic than the final PFAA metabolites (Phillips et al 2007;Rice et al 2020). Hazard traits reported for these precursors include endocrine toxicity (Ishibashi et al 2008;Rosenmai et al 2016;Weiss et al 2009;Ladics et al 2008;Winkens et al 2017;Rice et al 2020), developmental toxicity (Shi et al 2017b;Rice et al 2020), and hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity (Ladics et al 2008;Rice et al 2020).…”

Section: Environmental Health Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These alternatives may even be worse, in some respects, than the PFAS being replaced, thus constituting a "regrettable substitution" (Scheringer et al 2014;Blum et al 2015;Brendel et al 2018). For instance, since the voluntary phaseout of the longer-chain PFAS in some regions, manufacturers have shifted to PFAS with six or fewer carbons, such as perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) and other shorter-chain PFAS chemistries (OECD 2013;Brendel et al 2018), which are less studied but have also been documented to display multiple hazard traits (Danish Environmental Protection Agency 2015; Gomis et al 2018;Brendel et al 2018;Rice et al 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Regulating PFAS as a Chemical Class under the California Safer Consumer Products Program

Bǎlan

Mathrani

Guo

et al. 2021

Environ Health Perspect

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BACKGROUND: Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a group of manmade chemicals containing at least one fully fluorinated carbon atom. The widespread use, large number, and diverse chemical structures of PFAS pose challenges to any sufficiently protective regulation, emissions reduction, and remediation at contaminated sites. Regulating only a subset of PFAS has led to their replacement with other members of the class with similar hazards, that is, regrettable substitutions. Regulations that focus solely on perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) are ineffective, given that nearly all other PFAS can generate PFAAs in the environment. OBJECTIVES: In this commentary, we present the rationale adopted by the State of California's Department of Toxic Substances Control (DTSC) for regulating PFAS as a class in certain consumer products. DISCUSSION: We at the California DTSC propose regulating certain consumer products if they contain any member of the class of PFAS because: a) all PFAS, or their degradation, reaction, or metabolism products, display at least one common hazard trait according to the California Code of Regulations, namely environmental persistence; and b) certain key PFAS that are the degradation, reaction or metabolism products, or impurities of nearly all other PFAS display additional hazard traits, including toxicity; are widespread in the environment, humans, and biota; and will continue to cause adverse impacts for as long as any PFAS continue to be used. Regulating PFAS as a class is thus logical, necessary, and forward-thinking. This technical position may be helpful to other regulatory agencies in comprehensively addressing this large class of chemicals with common hazard traits.

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“…One direct pathway of human exposure to PFAS chemicals is through the migration of PFAS chemicals from food packaging into the foods we eat (Bokkers et al., 2019; D. Li et al., 2019; Rice et al., 2020; Still et al., 2013; Sznajder‐Katarzyńska et al., 2019; Trier et al., 2018). PFAS migration is dependent on the food composition, temperature, including in‐package microwave heating, total surface area, and the surface energy of both the food and package surfaces (Trier et al., 2018).…”

Section: Sources Of Pfas Leakage Related To the Manufacture And Use In Packagingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Per‐ and polyfluoroalkyl substances and their alternatives in paper food packaging

Glenn

Shogren

Jin

et al. 2021

Comp Rev Food Sci Food Safe

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Per‐ and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have been used in food contact paper and paperboard for decades due to their unique ability to provide both moisture and oil/grease resistance. Once thought to be innocuous, it is now clear that long chain PFAS bioaccumulate and are linked to reproductive and developmental abnormalities, suppressed immune response, and tumor formation. Second‐generation PFAS have shorter biological half‐lives but concerns about health risks from chronic exposure underscore the need for safe substitutes. Waxes and polymer film laminates of polyethylene, poly(ethylene‐co‐vinyl alcohol), and polyethylene terephthalate are commonly used alternatives. However, such laminates are neither compostable nor recyclable. Lamination with biodegradable polymers, including polyesters, such as polylactic acid (PLA), polybutylene adipate terephthalate, polybutylene succinate, and polyhydroxyalkanoates, are of growing research and commercial interest. PLA films are perhaps the most viable alternative, but performance and compostability are suboptimal. Surface sizings and coatings of starches, chitosan, alginates, micro‐ and nanofibrilated cellulose, and gelatins provide adequate oil barrier properties but have poor moisture resistance without chemical modification. Plant proteins, including soy, wheat gluten, and corn zein, have been tested as paper coatings with soy being the most commercially important. Internal sizing agents, such as alkyl ketene dimers, alkenyl succinic anhydride, and rosin, improve moisture resistance but are poor oil/grease barriers. The difficulty in finding a viable replacement for PFAS chemicals that is cost‐effective, fully biodegradable, and environmentally sound underscores the need for more research to improve barrier properties and process economics in food packaging products.

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Comparative analysis of the toxicological databases for 6:2 fluorotelomer alcohol (6:2 FTOH) and perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA)

Cited by 52 publications

References 38 publications

Strategies for grouping per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) to protect human and environmental health

Strategies for grouping per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) to protect human and environmental health

Regulating PFAS as a Chemical Class under the California Safer Consumer Products Program

Per‐ and polyfluoroalkyl substances and their alternatives in paper food packaging

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