Comparative Analysis of the Gut Microbiota in People with Different Levels of Ginsenoside Rb1 Degradation to Compound K

Kim, Kyung-Ah; Jung, Inhwa; Park, Sehoon; Ahn, Young-Tae; Huh, Chul‐Sung; Kim, Dong‐Hyun

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0062409

Cited by 96 publications

(71 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…2,3 Therefore, gut microbiota plays an important role in energy balance, 4,5 glucose metabolism, 6,7 low-grade inflammation 8,9 and drug metabolism. 10, 11 Recently, we found that gut microbiota-derived lipopolysaccharide (LPS) involves in the onset and progression of inflammation and metabolic diseases. 6 For example, high-fat diets increase gram-negative bacteria, which induce the production of LPS in the intestine and cause inflammation, obesity, and cancer.…”

Section: Introduction Hmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Doenjang, a Fermented Korean Soybean Paste, Inhibits Lipopolysaccharide Production of Gut Microbiota in Mice

Jang

Kim

Han

et al. 2014

Journal of Medicinal Food

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Doenjang has been reported to exhibit antioxidant, fibrinolytic, antimutagenic, anticancer, and antiobesity effects. In our preliminary study, doenjang decreased fecal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) levels in mice. Therefore, we investigated the effect of doenjang on the composition of gut microbiota in mice. Treatment with doenjang significantly increased the number of bifidobacteria cultured in BL media, compared with mice not treated with doenjang. However, doenjang decreased the number of Enterobacteriaceae cultured in DHL media. Doenjang significantly suppressed the b-glucuronidase activity, but did not influence a-/b-glucosaminidase and a-/b-glucosidase activities. When gut microbiota in mice treated with or without doenjang was analyzed by pyrosequencing, doenjang induced a significant modulation of the populations of the dominant gut microbiota. At the phylum level, doenjang treatment resulted in a significant decrease of Firmicutes and an increase of Bacteroidetes, which led to a decrease in the Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio in gut microbiota. At the family level, the number of Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae were significantly decreased, while the number of Odoribacter_f was increased in doenjang-treated mice. Of colonic tight junction proteins, occludin, ZO-1, and claudin-1 in mice, occludin alone was significantly increased by treatment with doenjang. Although treatment with doenjang seemed to suppress NF-jB activation, it was not significant. Doenjang significantly suppressed tumor necrosis factor-a expression, whereas it did not influence interleukin (IL)-1b and IL-6 expression. However, doenjang increased IL-10 expression. Based on these findings, doenjang may promote gut health by regulating gut microbiota and its LPS concentrations and suppressing harmful enzyme production.

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Section: Introduction Hmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…6,10 Therefore, to maintain a healthy condition, LPS production of gut microbiota should be decreased.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Doenjang, a Fermented Korean Soybean Paste, Inhibits Lipopolysaccharide Production of Gut Microbiota in Mice

Jang

Kim

Han

et al. 2014

Journal of Medicinal Food

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“…Indeed, in recent studies of the human colonic microbiota, Oscillibacter has been consistently detected at the genus level, and O. valericigenes has been detected at the species level in one study, using 16S rRNA-based analysis (11)(12)(13)(14). Oscillibacter species have now been isolated from the rumen of cattle in Korea and from the alimentary canal of clams in Japan and have been identified in 16S rRNA gene clone libraries from broilers in China (15).…”

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confidence: 99%

Four Cases of Bacteremia Caused by Oscillibacter ruminantium, a Newly Described Species

et al. 2014

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The genus Oscillibacter has been known since 2007, but no association to human infection has been reported. Here, we present four cases of Oscillibacter ruminantium bacteremia from hospitals across Denmark from 2001 to 2010. Correct identification is now possible, as the 16S rRNA gene sequence was recently made publicly available. CASE REPORTSC ase 1 (year 2001) is a 53-year-old man who was admitted to the medical department with nausea and diarrhea, with a previous medical history of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, alcohol dependency, and chronic pancreatitis. On admittance, his temperature was 35.6°C and his blood pressure was 70/50 mm Hg. The total leukocyte count was 32.3 ϫ 10 9 cells/liter (normal value range, 3.5 ϫ 10 9 to 8.8 ϫ 10 9 ), and the C-reactive protein level was 169 mg/liter (normal value, Ͻ10 mg/liter). Blood cultures were drawn and antibiotic treatment was initiated with intravenous benzylpenicillin, gentamicin, and metronidazole. After 1 day of incubation, blood cultures (Bactec Plus aerobic/F vial and Bactec 9240 automated instrument; Becton, Dickinson Diagnostic Instrument Systems, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA) were positive with coagulase-negative staphylococci, and the following day, after 45 h of incubation, the anaerobic vial (Bactec Plus anaerobic/F) showed growth of anaerobic Gram-negative rods. Benzylpenicillin was discontinued in favor of intravenous cefuroxime.The patient became afebrile but developed diffuse abdominal pains. A computerized tomography scan of his abdomen showed pancreatic calcifications and small quantities of peritoneal ascites. New blood cultures drawn were negative, and antibiotics were discontinued after a total of 10 days of treatment. The patient subsequently developed a large pleural effusion, but successful pleuracentesis could not be performed and the patient succumbed.The Gram-negative rods isolated from the first set of blood cultures were sent to an anaerobe reference laboratory and identified using conventional anaerobic identification methods (1) as a possible Clostridium species.Case 2 (year 2002) is a 78-year-old man who was admitted to the department of medicine with fatigue and epistaxis and with a previous medical record of ulcerative colitis, a mechanical aortic valve due to severe aortic stenosis, and hemicolectomy, including sigmoidectomy due to colon adenocarcinoma. The C-reactive protein level was 121 mg/liter, and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate was elevated to 110 (normal value, 0). The total blood leukocyte count was not elevated, and he was afebrile. Blood cultures drawn on admittance were without growth. The patient was diagnosed with a relapse of the colonic adenocarcinoma with metastasis to the liver and discharged 20 days later. Blood cultures (Bactec Plus anaerobic/F vial) drawn 1 day prior to discharge showed growth of anaerobic Gram-negative rods. The isolate was sent to an anaerobe reference laboratory and identified as a possible Clostridium sp. by using conventional anaerobic identification methods (1). To our knowledge, the...

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“…Additionally, the intestinal metabolism of ginsenosides was found to be dependent on an individual's intestinal microflora making oral absorption of Rg1 and Rb1 inconsistent [31]. However, CK, a major metabolite of ginsenosides, was readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract independent of the parent compounds [32].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Compound K, a Metabolite of Ginsenosides, Attenuates Collagen-induced Arthritis in Mice

et al. 2015

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Objective. Although several ginsenosides have been reported to have anti-arthritic activity, few in vivo studies of the anti-arthritic effects of compound K (CK), a major metabolite of ginsenosides, have been conducted. Therefore, we investigated the preventative and therapeutic effects of CK on collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). Methods. CK was administered to CIA mice preventively and therapeutically and post-treatment bone microarchitectural characteristics, histopathological changes, and serum levels of anti-collagen antibodies, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin (IL)-17 were investigated. We also examined cytokine production by type II collagen (CII)-stimulated splenocytes and mRNA expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1, receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL), and osteoprotegerin (OPG) in the joint tissues. Results. CK reduced the severity of CIA preventively and therapeutically (all p＜0.05). Additionally, CK dose-dependently decreased histopathological signs of arthritis and improved microarchitectural characteristics (all p ＜0.05) at 10 to 20 mg/kg/d in CIA mice. CK treatment significantly decreased the serum levels of anti-CII immunoglobulin G (p＜0.01) and the secretion of interferon-γ and IL-2 from stimulated splenocytes (all p＜0.05). Furthermore, MMP-3/TIMP-1 and RANKL/OPG ratios were suppressed in CK treated mice (all p＜0.01). Conclusion. CK attenuated CIA via suppression of the humoral immune response and modulation of joint-destructive mediators. These results suggest that CK has therapeutic potential in rheumatoid arthritis (J Rheum Dis 2015;22:154-166)

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Comparative Analysis of the Gut Microbiota in People with Different Levels of Ginsenoside Rb1 Degradation to Compound K

Cited by 96 publications

References 27 publications

Doenjang, a Fermented Korean Soybean Paste, Inhibits Lipopolysaccharide Production of Gut Microbiota in Mice

Doenjang, a Fermented Korean Soybean Paste, Inhibits Lipopolysaccharide Production of Gut Microbiota in Mice

Four Cases of Bacteremia Caused by Oscillibacter ruminantium, a Newly Described Species

Compound K, a Metabolite of Ginsenosides, Attenuates Collagen-induced Arthritis in Mice

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