“…Growth factors GDNF, CDNF, MANF, FGF2, brainderived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), epidermal growth factor (EGF) and heparin-binding epidermal growth factor (HB-EGF) were chosen for inclusion in this study based on reports demonstrating these factors to be neuroprotective or neurorestorative for dopaminergic neurons (9,17,20,21,34,36), or that these factors support learning and memory in animal models of AD (40,41,58,65,94). Hippocampal levels of these factors were quantified in ten cases of PD and nine age-matched normal controls.…”