Comparative analysis of the complete mitochondrial genomes of five Achilidae species (Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea) and other Fulgoroidea reveals conserved mitochondrial genome organization

Abstract

In the present study, the complete mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) of five Achilidae (Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea), Betatropis formosana, two new species (Magadhaideus luodiana sp. nov and Peltatavertexalis horizontalis sp. nov), Plectoderini sp. and Paracatonidia sp., were sequenced for the first time through next-generation sequencing. The five mitogenomes ranged from 15,214 to 16,216 bp in length, with the typical gene content and arrangement usually observed in Hexapods. The motif “ATGATAA” between atp8 and atp6 was found in all the analyzed species. An overlap “AAGCTTA” between trnW and trnC was observed in the mitogenomes of most Fulgoroidea. The structural and compositional analyses of 26 Fulgoroidea mitogenomes, including the gene rearrangement of five tRNAs (trnW, trnC and trnY; trnT and trnP), the A + T content and AT-skew of the whole mitogenomes, and the nuclear acid and amino acid compositions of the protein-coding genes (PCGs), revealed family-level differences between Delphacidae and other families (Achilidae, Flatidae, Fulgoridae, Issidae and Ricaniidae). Phylogenetic analyses of 13 protein-coding genes from 26 Fulgoroidea species by maximum likelihood and Bayesian Inference were consistent and well supported the basal position of Delphacidae, a close affinity among the families Flatidae, Issidae and Ricaniidae, and a close relationship between Achilidae and Fulgoridae.

The complete mitochondrial genome of Hemisphaerius rufovarius Walker, 1858

“…As the topologies tree showed, two species ( H. rufovarius and D. damnosus ) of Issidaewas clustered together; Issidae was placed near the middle and included in a clade with Flatidae and Ricaniidae in the following relationship (BS = 100): (Issidae + (Flatidae + Ricaniidae)), that were consistent with Xu et al. ( 2019 ) ( Figure 1 ).…”

The First Complete Mitochondrial Genome of Lachninae Species and Comparative Genomics Provide New Insights into the Evolution of Gene Rearrangement and the Repeat Region

“…The third codon position presented a much higher A+T content than that of the first and second codon positions, and tended to use T and C bases ( Table 3 ). All protein-coding genes were initiated with the typical ATN codons, and terminated with TAA, except the cox1 and nad4 terminating with a truncated termination codon T, which is common in other metazoan mitogenomes [ 4 , 72 ]. These incomplete stop codons have been supposed to be completed through post-transcriptional polyadenylation [ 73 ].…”

Comparative mitochondrial genomes of four species of Sinopodisma and phylogenetic implications (Orthoptera, Melanoplinae)

“…With rapid progress in whole-genome sequencing, analysis of codon usage bias at the genome level, rather than for a single gene or a set of genes, has gained attention. Genome-wide investigations on the variations in codon use and codon context bias are important for understanding the functional evolution of genomes within and between species (Lu et al 2002; Fenn et al 2007 ; Sun et al 2017 ; Xu et al 2019 ). Relative synonymous codon usage ( RSCU ) analysis indicated that in katydids, codons including A or T at the third position are always overused compared with other synonymous codons.…”