“…This protein corresponded to the transcript GGJN01121414.1 of the biosample SAMN08662077, bioproject PRJNA437397. The other cement proteins detected, CP100k, CP52k, and CP19k, were homologous to those previously found, ATB53757.1, ATB53756.1, and ATB53755.1, respectively [19].…”
“…Principal component analysis based on the amino acids' relative composition of proteins, considering previously characterized cement proteins and those proteins found during the present study, which was not possible to annotate through BLAST or conserved domains. The proteinGroups previously defined, corresponding to surface couple proteins CP19k, −43k, −58k, and −68k (G1) and CP20k (G2), and bulk proteins CP52k and −100k [19]. No unannotated proteins were found close to previously defined groups G2 and G3, but many were leaned to those of G1.…”
Section: Unannotated Proteins From the Cement Proteomementioning
confidence: 76%
“…Noteworthy, some of those abundant unannotated proteins, such as "Ppollicipes_DN91829_c0_g1_i1.p1", found in the cement proteome in high quantity (at position 12 in Figure 5), were also found among the 50 most expressed proteins in the gland proteome (Table S5). A new cement protein was identified (DN93583_C0_g1_i1.p2) by homology to the protein PP52k (AQA26375.1) of P. pollicipes [19] and automatically annotated in the proteome as CP52k like, the expression rate of which was also among the 30 most expressed proteins (at position 19 in Figure 5). According to the PCA analysis performed on the amino acid composition of this protein, it is not a bulk protein since it clusters with G1 proteins ( Figure 6), being otherwise a surface couple protein.…”
“…PCA was employed to compare the relative residue composition (%) of 21 barnacle-specific cement proteins, obtained in the present study from the P. pollicipes cement proteome, to 38 previously identified, classified, and characterized cement proteins of various acorn barnacle species, gathered from NCBI and the literature, belonging to 8 different barnacle species (P. pollicipes, Amphibalanus amphitrite, A. improvisus, A. eburneus, Fistulobalanus albicostatum, Megabalanus rosa, M. volcano, and Tetraclita japonica). The analysis allowed observation of the clustering patterns of the unannotated proteins with the groups of proteins previously defined [19] ( Figure 6).…”
Section: Unannotated Proteins From the Cement Proteomementioning
confidence: 99%
“…As previously described, surface-coupling proteins are structurally disordered, which confers them elasticity [61][62][63][64] and drives self-assembly into nanofibers and mesh structures, similar to amyloid-like fibril aggregations that were also found in bulk proteins CP100k and CP52k [34,35,[65][66][67][68]. The properties of the CPs in the barnacle adhesive multicomplex is thought to rely on the specific sequence of a bias amino acid composition, with adequate properties for the function each one delivers on the composite, featuring different pI, hydrophobicity, charge, etc., and often presenting alternate blocks of repetitive sequences, or not [14,17,19,69,70].…”
Adhesive secretion has a fundamental role in barnacles’ survival, keeping them in an adequate position on the substrate under a variety of hydrologic regimes. It arouses special interest for industrial applications, such as antifouling strategies, underwater industrial and surgical glues, and dental composites. This study was focused on the goose barnacle Pollicipes pollicipes adhesion system, a species that lives in the Eastern Atlantic strongly exposed intertidal rocky shores and cliffs. The protein composition of P. pollicipes cement multicomplex and cement gland was quantitatively studied using a label-free LC-MS high-throughput proteomic analysis, searched against a custom transcriptome-derived database. Overall, 11,755 peptide sequences were identified in the gland while 2880 peptide sequences were detected in the cement, clustered in 1616 and 1568 protein groups, respectively. The gland proteome was dominated by proteins of the muscle, cytoskeleton, and some uncharacterized proteins, while the cement was, for the first time, reported to be composed by nearly 50% of proteins that are not canonical cement proteins, mainly unannotated proteins, chemical cues, and protease inhibitors, among others. Bulk adhesive proteins accounted for one-third of the cement proteome, with CP52k being the most abundant. Some unannotated proteins highly expressed in the proteomes, as well as at the transcriptomic level, showed similar physicochemical properties to the known surface-coupling barnacle adhesive proteins while the function of the others remains to be discovered. New quantitative and qualitative clues are provided to understand the diversity and function of proteins in the cement of stalked barnacles, contributing to the whole adhesion model in Cirripedia.
“…This protein corresponded to the transcript GGJN01121414.1 of the biosample SAMN08662077, bioproject PRJNA437397. The other cement proteins detected, CP100k, CP52k, and CP19k, were homologous to those previously found, ATB53757.1, ATB53756.1, and ATB53755.1, respectively [19].…”
“…Principal component analysis based on the amino acids' relative composition of proteins, considering previously characterized cement proteins and those proteins found during the present study, which was not possible to annotate through BLAST or conserved domains. The proteinGroups previously defined, corresponding to surface couple proteins CP19k, −43k, −58k, and −68k (G1) and CP20k (G2), and bulk proteins CP52k and −100k [19]. No unannotated proteins were found close to previously defined groups G2 and G3, but many were leaned to those of G1.…”
Section: Unannotated Proteins From the Cement Proteomementioning
confidence: 76%
“…Noteworthy, some of those abundant unannotated proteins, such as "Ppollicipes_DN91829_c0_g1_i1.p1", found in the cement proteome in high quantity (at position 12 in Figure 5), were also found among the 50 most expressed proteins in the gland proteome (Table S5). A new cement protein was identified (DN93583_C0_g1_i1.p2) by homology to the protein PP52k (AQA26375.1) of P. pollicipes [19] and automatically annotated in the proteome as CP52k like, the expression rate of which was also among the 30 most expressed proteins (at position 19 in Figure 5). According to the PCA analysis performed on the amino acid composition of this protein, it is not a bulk protein since it clusters with G1 proteins ( Figure 6), being otherwise a surface couple protein.…”
“…PCA was employed to compare the relative residue composition (%) of 21 barnacle-specific cement proteins, obtained in the present study from the P. pollicipes cement proteome, to 38 previously identified, classified, and characterized cement proteins of various acorn barnacle species, gathered from NCBI and the literature, belonging to 8 different barnacle species (P. pollicipes, Amphibalanus amphitrite, A. improvisus, A. eburneus, Fistulobalanus albicostatum, Megabalanus rosa, M. volcano, and Tetraclita japonica). The analysis allowed observation of the clustering patterns of the unannotated proteins with the groups of proteins previously defined [19] ( Figure 6).…”
Section: Unannotated Proteins From the Cement Proteomementioning
confidence: 99%
“…As previously described, surface-coupling proteins are structurally disordered, which confers them elasticity [61][62][63][64] and drives self-assembly into nanofibers and mesh structures, similar to amyloid-like fibril aggregations that were also found in bulk proteins CP100k and CP52k [34,35,[65][66][67][68]. The properties of the CPs in the barnacle adhesive multicomplex is thought to rely on the specific sequence of a bias amino acid composition, with adequate properties for the function each one delivers on the composite, featuring different pI, hydrophobicity, charge, etc., and often presenting alternate blocks of repetitive sequences, or not [14,17,19,69,70].…”
Adhesive secretion has a fundamental role in barnacles’ survival, keeping them in an adequate position on the substrate under a variety of hydrologic regimes. It arouses special interest for industrial applications, such as antifouling strategies, underwater industrial and surgical glues, and dental composites. This study was focused on the goose barnacle Pollicipes pollicipes adhesion system, a species that lives in the Eastern Atlantic strongly exposed intertidal rocky shores and cliffs. The protein composition of P. pollicipes cement multicomplex and cement gland was quantitatively studied using a label-free LC-MS high-throughput proteomic analysis, searched against a custom transcriptome-derived database. Overall, 11,755 peptide sequences were identified in the gland while 2880 peptide sequences were detected in the cement, clustered in 1616 and 1568 protein groups, respectively. The gland proteome was dominated by proteins of the muscle, cytoskeleton, and some uncharacterized proteins, while the cement was, for the first time, reported to be composed by nearly 50% of proteins that are not canonical cement proteins, mainly unannotated proteins, chemical cues, and protease inhibitors, among others. Bulk adhesive proteins accounted for one-third of the cement proteome, with CP52k being the most abundant. Some unannotated proteins highly expressed in the proteomes, as well as at the transcriptomic level, showed similar physicochemical properties to the known surface-coupling barnacle adhesive proteins while the function of the others remains to be discovered. New quantitative and qualitative clues are provided to understand the diversity and function of proteins in the cement of stalked barnacles, contributing to the whole adhesion model in Cirripedia.
The development of adhesives that can achieve robust and repeatable adhesion to various surfaces underwater is promising; however, this remains a major challenge primarily because the surface hydration layer weakens the interfacial molecular interactions. Herein, a strategy is proposed to develop tough hydrogels that are robust, reusable, and long‐lasting for underwater adhesion. Hydrogels from cationic and aromatic monomers with an aromatic‐rich composition inspired by the amino acid residuals in barnacle cement proteins are synthesized. The hydrogels are mechanically strong and tough (elastic modulus 0.35 MPa, fracture stress 1.0 MPa, and fracture strain 720%), owing to the interchain π–π and cation–π interactions. In water, the hydrogels firmly adhere to diverse surfaces through interfacial electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions (adhesion strength of 180 kPa), which allows for instant adhesion and reversibility (50 times). Moreover, the hydrogel shows long‐lasting adhesion in water for months (100 days). Novel adhesive hydrogels may be useful in many applications, including underwater transfer, water‐based devices, underwater repair, and underwater soft robots.
Background
Aquatic species in several clades possess cement glands producing adhesive secretions of various strengths. In vertebrates, transient adhesive organs have been extensively studied in Xenopus laevis, other anurans, and in several fish species. However, the development of these structures is not fully understood.
Results
Here, we report on the development and functional morphology of the adhesive gland of a giant danio species, Devario malabaricus. We found that the gland is localized on the larval head, is composed of goblet‐like secretory cells framed by basal, bordering, and intercalated apical epithelial cells, and is innervated by the trigeminal ganglion. The gland allows nonswimming larvae to adhere to various substrates. Its secretory cells differentiate by 12 hours postfertilization and begin to disappear in the second week of life. Exogenous retinoic acid disrupts the gland's patterning. More importantly, the single mature gland emerges from fusion of two differentiated secretory cells fields; this fusion is dependent on nonmuscle myosin II function.
Conclusions
Taken together, our studies provide the first documentation of the embryonic development, structure, and function of the adhesive apparatus of a danioninae. To our knowledge, this is also the first report of a cement gland arising from convergence of two bilateral fields.
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