Comparative Analysis of Saliva and Plasma Proteins Patterns in Pregnant Cows—Preliminary Studies

Abstract

Pregnancy is a physiological state that can be described, from a biochemical point of view, using protein patterns. The present study focused on the comparison of protein patterns between the saliva and plasma of pregnant cows to search for possible markers which are present both in plasma and saliva. Saliva and plasma were collected from healthy, pregnant (3–4 months) and non-pregnant (C; n = 4) cows aged between 4 and 8 years (P; n = 8) from the same farm. Biological material was analyzed using 2D electrophoresis and MS identification. Among identified spots, there were those which could be related to pregnancy (e.g., apolipoproteins I and II in all examined matrices or transforming growth factor-beta-induced protein ig-h3 in albumin-free plasma) as well as those which are responsible for regulating of cellular processes (e.g., pyruvate kinase and aspartate aminotransferase in all examined matrices, or lactate dehydrogenase, phosphoglycerate kinase, and NADH dehydrogenase in plasma). Further identification of common spots and those only specific to saliva as well as the comparison between other periods of pregnancy are necessary; it is already clear that saliva can be considered a valuable diagnostic matrix containing potential markers of physiological and pathological status.

Proteomic profile in plasma as a biomarker of pregnancy in cows

“…Furthermore, a study on rodents suggests that ApoA‐I may be a protective factor against gestational diabetes (Wu et al., 2019). Apolipoprotein A‐I abundance was shown to be altered in pregnant cows in our previous work (Mojsym et al., 2022). This finding was also made in pregnant canines in a different study (Szczubiał et al., 2017), demonstrating this protein's significant role in the course of pregnancy.…”

“…This finding was also made in pregnant canines in a different study (Szczubiał et al, 2017), demonstrating this protein's significant role in the course of pregnancy. Saliva also contains the same protein, based on our previous observations (Mojsym et al, 2022).…”

“…Active rehydration at 50 V, 12 h, focusing conditions: 8000 V up to 35,000 Vh, maximum current of 50 μA/IPG strip. The second dimension was carried out using Protean II from Bio‐Rad (20 × 20 cm, 1.5 mm, T = 11%, C = 2.6%) (Mojsym et al., 2022). Obtained gels were stained using MS compatible silver method (Blum et al., 1987).…”

Is animal saliva a prominent factor in pasture regrowth?

“…Though little research has been undertaken on the extent of plant growth promoting ions in livestock saliva, there are studies on electrolytes (i.e. sodium, chloride, and potassium) in livestock for other areas of research such as patterns during oestrus and pregnancy (Devi et al 2016;Mojsym et al 2022), in calves (Kumar and Singh 1981), and in long term research on electrolyte changes (Grimm et al 2021). Whilst the physiochemical interactions of free ions are likely limited to their influence over osmotic potential (and increasing cellular turgor pressure), induction of signal cascades by increase in ion abundance (such as potassium which affects plant hexokinase activity) is observed in both plant and animal cells (Alberts et al 2002).…”

Adaptive changes in immunological, hematological and metabolic profiles of pregnant cows

“…The immune system plays a crucial role in ensuring the success of pregnancy in animals, including cows (Alhussien et al, 2018;Mohapatra et al, 2020;Mojsym et al, 2022). Pregnancy triggers a series of complex interactions within the body, involving both the immune system and metabolic processes.…”