Comparative Analysis of Roseoloviruses in Humans, Pigs, Mice, and Other Species

Abstract

Viruses of the genus Roseolovirus belong to the subfamily Betaherpesvirinae, family Herpesviridae. Roseoloviruses have been studied in humans, mice and pigs, but they are likely also present in other species. This is the first comparative analysis of roseoloviruses in humans and animals. The human roseoloviruses human herpesvirus 6A (HHV-6A), 6B (HHV-6B), and 7 (HHV-7) are relatively well characterized. In contrast, little is known about the murine roseolovirus (MRV), also known as murine thymic virus (MTV) or murine thymic lymphotrophic virus (MTLV), and the porcine roseolovirus (PRV), initially incorrectly named porcine cytomegalovirus (PCMV). Human roseoloviruses have gained attention because they can cause severe diseases including encephalitis in immunocompromised transplant and AIDS patients and febrile seizures in infants. They have been linked to a number of neurological diseases in the immunocompetent including multiple sclerosis (MS) and Alzheimer's. However, to prove the causality in the latter disease associations is challenging due to the high prevalence of these viruses in the human population. PCMV/PRV has attracted attention because it may be transmitted and pose a risk in xenotransplantation, e.g., the transplantation of pig organs into humans. Most importantly, all roseoloviruses are immunosuppressive, the humoral and cellular immune responses against these viruses are not well studied and vaccines as well as effective antivirals are not available. that cause various clinical disease and are classified into the alpha-, beta-and gammaherpesvirinae. Roseoloviruses belong to the Betaherpesvirinae: roseoloviruses that infect humans, swine, and mice and have a high prevalence in their respective hosts and will be addressed in this review.

Inflammatory Cytokine-Producing Cells and Inflammation Markers in the Synovium of Osteoarthritis Patients Evidenced in Human Herpesvirus 7 Infection

“…Furthermore, the vulnerability of vascular endothelial cells, especially in the case of infection reactivation, is shown in the given study. Available serological data suggest that primary herpesvirus infection occurs early in childhood and results in a lifelong infection [ 24 , 52 , 53 , 54 ].…”

“…A viral etiology is evident for approximately 1% of all cases of acute arthritis [ 20 ]. Human herpesviruses are ubiquitous pathogens establishing a persistent infection in the host for life, but their contribution to articular damage and the etiopathogenesis of OA remains obscure [ 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 ].…”

Xenotransplantation literature update, November/December 2019

“…While CRISPR‐Cas‐9 genome editing can remove the PERV pol gene from pig, the risk of xenozoonosis with other roseoloviruses remains . For example, porcine cytomegalovirus was the cause of a significant reduction of the survival time of the transplanted pig organs .…”

Animal Models of Alzheimer’s Disease Should Be Controlled for Roseolovirus

“…HHV-6A infection was shown to accelerate the progression of AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) in SIV (simian immunodeficiency virus)-infected macaques [9] and lead to neurological symptoms in marmosets [10]. HHV-6A/B and HHV-7 belong to the genus Roseolovirus of the subfamily Betaherpesvirinae, family Herpesviridae, and they are closely related to the murine roseolovirus (MRV) and the porcine cytomegalovirus/porcine roseolovirus (PCMV/PRV), which are ubiquitous in nature [11].…”

“…The presence of MRV, also known as the mouse thymic virus (MTV), may influence the results in the murine models. MRV/MTV has been isolated from the brains of mice infected shortly after birth but not of those infected at the adult stage [11,16]. No studies on the impact of MRV on the brain have been reported until now.…”