Comparative analysis of proteinase activities of Bacillus thuringiensis-resistant and -susceptible Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)

Li, Huarong; Oppert, Brenda; Higgins, R. A.; Huang, Fangneng; Zhu, Kun Yan; Buschman, Lawrent L.

doi:10.1016/j.ibmb.2004.03.010

Cited by 97 publications

(103 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…The insect midgut is highly rich in proteases, and protease alteration has been observed in insects resistant to Cry1A toxins (54,55). The series of analyses of larval midgut proteases from the susceptible strain and its near-isogenic Cry2Ab-resistant T. ni strains in this study (Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis Toxin Cry2Ab in Trichoplusia ni Is Conferred by a Novel Genetic Mechanism

Song

Kain

Cassidy

et al. 2015

Appl Environ Microbiol

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The resistance to the Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxin Cry2Ab in a greenhouse-originated Trichoplusia ni strain resistant to both Bt toxins Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab was characterized. Biological assays determined that the Cry2Ab resistance in the T. ni strain was a monogenic recessive trait independent of Cry1Ac resistance, and there existed no significant cross-resistance between Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab in T. ni. From the dual-toxin-resistant T. ni strain, a strain resistant to Cry2Ab only was isolated, and the Cry2Ab resistance trait was introgressed into a susceptible laboratory strain to facilitate comparative analysis of the Cry2Ab resistance with the susceptible T. ni strain. Results from biochemical analysis showed no significant difference between the Cry2Ab-resistant and -susceptible T. ni larvae in midgut proteases, including caseinolytic proteolytic activity and zymogram profile and serine protease activities, in midgut aminopeptidase and alkaline phosphatase activity, and in midgut esterases and hemolymph plasma melanization activity. For analysis of genetic linkage of Cry2Ab resistance with potential Cry toxin receptor genes, molecular markers for the midgut cadherin, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and aminopeptidase N (APN) genes were identified between the original greenhouse-derived dual-toxin-resistant and the susceptible laboratory T. ni strains. Genetic linkage analysis showed that the Cry2Ab resistance in T. ni was not genetically associated with the midgut genes coding for the cadherin, ALP, and 6 APNs (APN1 to APN6) nor associated with the ABC transporter gene ABCC2. Therefore, the Cry2Ab resistance in T. ni is conferred by a novel but unknown genetic mechanism.T he Gram-positive soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) has been widely used as a microbial insecticide in sprayable formulations, and Bt toxins are the primary insecticidal proteins expressed in genetically engineered crops to confer insect resistance (1; ISAAA's GM Approval Database, http://www.isaaa.org /gmapprovaldatabase/). Since the mid-1990s, insect-resistant Bt crops have been rapidly adopted with proven economic and environmental benefits (2, 3). However, development of insect resistance to Bt toxins threatens the long-term success of application of Bt toxins for insect pest control. The genetic potential of insect populations to evolve Bt resistance has been well shown in laboratory selections, and cases of insect resistance to Bt formulations and Bt crops have occurred in insect populations under selection pressure by Bt sprays and Bt crops in the field (4-8).Studies of insect resistance to Bt toxins have so far been mostly on Lepidoptera pests to the toxin Cry1Ab or Cry1Ac (9-19), the two major Bt Cry toxins which are highly toxic to Lepidoptera pests and known to share the same binding sites in target insects (4, 20). Cry1Ab and Cry1Ac are the primary insecticidal proteins expressed in the current commercial transgenic Bt maize and Bt cotton varieties to target Lepidoptera pests in the field (21). Resistance to Cry1Ac and Cry1Ab ...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis Toxin Cry2Ab in Trichoplusia ni Is Conferred by a Novel Genetic Mechanism

Song

Kain

Cassidy

et al. 2015

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…Protease-mediated resistance mechanisms have been suggested for a number of insect species, including the Plodia interpunctella 198r population, where a reported defect in protoxin activation (25) correlated with a resistance allele closely linked to a protease null mutation (26). A resistant population of Ostrinia nubilalis has also been found to have significantly lower trypsin-like proteinase activity than a nonselected, susceptible subpopulation (15). Protoxin processing studies with this population also found a slower rate of protoxin activation although, as with the present study, the end products from resistant and susceptible populations were seemingly identical.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cry1Ab was 125 I labeled by a chloramine-T method (38). Cry1Ac and Cry1Ca were 125 I labeled by the Iodo-Bead (Pierce, Rockford, Ill.) method (15). Specific activities of the labeled proteins were 125 I-labeled Cry1Ab ( 125 I-Cry1Ab; 0.48 mCi/mg), 125 I-Cry1Ac (0.08 mCi/mg), and 125 I-Cry1Ca (0.02 mCi/mg) as determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent sandwich assay (39).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Common, but Complex, Mode of Resistance of Plutella xylostella to Bacillus thuringiensis Toxins Cry1Ab and Cry1Ac

Sayyed

Gatsi

Ibiza-Palacios

et al. 2005

Appl Environ Microbiol

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A field collected population of Plutella xylostella (SERD4) was selected in the laboratory with Bacillus thuringiensis endotoxins Cry1Ac (Cry1Ac-SEL) and Cry1Ab (Cry1Ab-SEL). Both subpopulations showed similar phenotypes: high resistance to the Cry1A toxins and little cross-resistance to Cry1Ca or Cry1D. A previous analysis of the Cry1Ac-SEL showed incompletely dominant resistance to Cry1Ac with more than one factor, at least one of which was sex influenced. In the present study reciprocal mass crosses between Cry1Ab-SEL and a laboratory susceptible population (ROTH) provided evidence that Cry1Ab resistance was also inherited as incompletely dominant trait with more than one factor, and at least one of the factors was sex influenced. Analysis of single pair mating indicated that Cry1Ab-SEL was still heterogeneous for Cry1Ab resistance genes, showing genes with different degrees of dominance. Binding studies showed a large reduction of specific binding of Cry1Ab and Cry1Ac to midgut membrane vesicles of the Cry1Ab-SEL subpopulation. Cry1Ab-SEL was found to be more susceptible to trypsin-activated Cry1Ab toxin than protoxin, although no defect in toxin activation was found. Present and previous results indicate a common basis of resistance to both Cry1Ab and Cry1Ac in selected subpopulations and suggest that a similar set of resistance genes are responsible for resistance to Cry1Ab and Cry1Ac and are selected whichever toxin was used. The possibility of an incompletely dominant trait of resistant to these toxins should be taken into account when considering refuge resistance management strategies.

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“…However, Bt toxins are not toxic to people, wildlife, or most beneficial insects [102,103] and therefore the opportunities for biological control are great. The effect of Bt toxins on a range of lepidopteran insects has been studied including: Bombyx mori [104], Helicoverpa armigera [105], Heliothis virescens [106,107], Manduca sexta [108,109], Ostrinia nubilalis [110][111][112][113], Plutella xylostella [114,115], Sesamia nonagrioides [115], Spodoptera exigua [116], Spodoptera frugiperda [117] and Spodoptera littoralis [118]. The Cry toxins produced in Bt crops generally target lepidopteran pests, although some also target coleopteran pests [100].…”

Section: The Bacillus Thuringiensis Endotoxinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Another resistance mechanism associated with an ABC transporter locus has been reported in three lepidopteran spp (H. virescens, P. xylostella and T. ni [157]). Resistance to Bt in Ostrinia nubialis is due to reduced midgut protease activity resulting in less activation of the protoxins [111,158,159].…”

Section: Resistance Of Lepidopteran Insects To Bt Toxinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biotechnological Approaches for the Control of Insect Pests in Crop Plants

Stevens¹,

Dunse²,

Fox³

et al. 2012

Pesticides - Advances in Chemical and Botanical Pesticides

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Comparative analysis of proteinase activities of Bacillus thuringiensis-resistant and -susceptible Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)

Cited by 97 publications

References 58 publications

Resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis Toxin Cry2Ab in Trichoplusia ni Is Conferred by a Novel Genetic Mechanism

Resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis Toxin Cry2Ab in Trichoplusia ni Is Conferred by a Novel Genetic Mechanism

Common, but Complex, Mode of Resistance of Plutella xylostella to Bacillus thuringiensis Toxins Cry1Ab and Cry1Ac

Biotechnological Approaches for the Control of Insect Pests in Crop Plants

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