Comparative Analysis of Phenolic Compound Characterization and Their Biosynthesis Genes between Two Diverse Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum) Varieties Differing for Chapatti (Unleavened Flat Bread) Quality

Abstract

Phenolic compounds (PCs) affect the bread quality and can also affect the other types of end-use food products such as chapatti (unleavened flat bread), now globally recognized wheat-based food product. The detailed analysis of PCs and their biosynthesis genes in diverse bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) varieties differing for chapatti quality have not been studied. In this study, the identification and quantification of PCs using UPLC-QTOF-MS and/or MS/MS and functional genomics techniques such as microarrays and qRT-PCR of their biosynthesis genes have been studied in a good chapatti variety, “C 306” and a poor chapatti variety, “Sonalika.” About 80% (69/87) of plant phenolic compounds were tentatively identified in these varieties. Nine PCs (hinokinin, coutaric acid, fertaric acid, p-coumaroylqunic acid, kaempferide, isorhamnetin, epigallocatechin gallate, methyl isoorientin-2′-O-rhamnoside, and cyanidin-3-rutinoside) were identified only in the good chapatti variety and four PCs (tricin, apigenindin, quercetin-3-O-glucuronide, and myricetin-3-glucoside) in the poor chapatti variety. Therefore, about 20% of the identified PCs are unique to each other and may be “variety or genotype” specific PCs. Fourteen PCs used for quantification showed high variation between the varieties. The microarray data of 44 phenolic compound biosynthesis genes and 17 of them on qRT-PCR showed variation in expression level during seed development and majority of them showed low expression in the good chapatti variety. The expression pattern in the good chapatti variety was largely in agreement with that of phenolic compounds. The level of variation of 12 genes was high between the good and poor chapatti quality varieties and has potential in development of markers. The information generated in this study can be extended onto a larger germplasm set for development of molecular markers using QTL and/or association mapping approaches for their application in wheat breeding.

Comparative Analysis of Flavonoid Metabolites in Foxtail Millet (Setaria italica) with Different Eating Quality

“…It was reported that wheat varieties with different flavonoid content resulted in the difference in bread taste. Apigenin was only identified in the poor wheat variety [ 44 ], which was consistent with our findings. This could be applied to wheat breeding and improve wheat varieties using molecular breeding approaches.…”

Phytochemical Analysis of Phenolics, Sterols, and Terpenes in Colored Wheat Grains by Liquid Chromatography with Tandem Mass Spectrometry

“…The combination of both ionization modes (positive and negative) in MS full scan mode provided extra confidence of the molecular mass determination. A comprehensive table of molecular masses of the target analytes isolated from the EtOH extracts of T. aestivum grains was compiled by comparing the m/z values, retention times, and the fragmentation patterns with the MS/MS spectral data from the literature [28,29,31,34,[49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57], and other sources or from searches of databases (MS2T, MassBank, and HMDB).…”

Simultaneous Determination of 78 Compounds of Rhodiola rosea Extract by Supercritical CO2-Extraction and HPLC-ESI-MS/MS Spectrometry

“…A total of 300 peaks were detected in the chromatogram. By comparing the m/z values, the RTand the fragmentation patterns with the MS 2 spectral data taken from the literature [2,17,[35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50] or to search the data bases (MS2T, MassBank, HMDB). 78 metabolites were putatively identified as phenols, aromatic compounds, phenyl alkanoids, flavonoids, monoterpenoids, acyclic alcohol glycosides, anthocyanins etc.…”