“…A ring current model can be considered as a bounce-averaged kinetic code and normally operates with a large number (from hundreds to thousands) of "species", i.e., distributed in energy, pitch angle, or first and second adiabatic invariants. Currently, there are several major ring current models used by the community: the standard Rice Convection Model (RCM) (Harel et al, 1981;Toffoletto et al, 2003) or the RCM-E, a version that includes frictional dissipation (Lemon et al, 2003;Chen et al, 2015); the Magnetospheric Specification Model (MSM) (Wang et al, 2003(Wang et al, , 2004; the Comprehensive Ring Current Model (CRCM) (Fok et al, 1993(Fok et al, , 1995(Fok et al, , 2001(Fok et al, , 2014 and its successor, the Comprehensive Inner Magnetosphere-Ionosphere model (CIMI) (Fok et al, 2014); the Ring current-Atmosphere interactions Model (RAM) (Jordanova et al, 1994(Jordanova et al, , 2001 and its extended version with magnetic equilibrium solver Zaharia, 2008); the Hot Electron and Ion Drift Integrator (HEIDI) code (Liemohn et al, 1999); and the Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration model (IMPTAM) (Ganushkina et al, 2012).…”