Comparative Analysis of Cytomegalovirus Gastrointestinal Disease in Immunocompetent and Immunocompromised Patients

Abstract

Background: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) gastrointestinal (GI) diseases impact both immunocompromised and immunocompetent individuals, yet comprehensive studies highlighting the differences between these groups are lacking. Methods: In this retrospective study (January 2000 to July 2022) of 401 patients with confirmed CMV GI diseases, we categorized them based on immunological status and compared manifestations, treatments, outcomes, and prognostic factors. Results: The immunocompromised patients (n = 193) showed older age, severe illnesses, and higher comorbidity rates. GI bleeding, the predominant manifestation, occurred more in the immunocompetent group (92.6% vs. 63.6%, p = 0.009). Despite longer antiviral therapy, the immunocompromised patients had higher in-hospital (32.2% vs. 18.9%, p = 0.034) and overall mortality rates (91.1% vs. 43.4%, p < 0.001). The independent factors influencing in-hospital mortality in the immunocompromised patients included GI bleeding (OR 5.782, 95% CI 1.257–26.599, p = 0.024) and antiviral therapy ≥ 14 days (OR 0.232, 95% CI 0.059–0.911, p = 0.036). In the immunocompetent patients, age (OR 1.08, 95% CI 1.006–1.159, p = 0.032), GI bleeding (OR 10.036, 95% CI 1.183–85.133, p = 0.035), and time to diagnosis (OR 1.029, 95% CI 1.004–1.055, p = 0.021) were significant prognostic factors, with the age and diagnosis time cut-offs for survival being 70 years and 31.5 days, respectively. Conclusions: GI bleeding is the most common manifestation and prognostic factor in both groups. Early diagnosis and effective antiviral therapy can significantly reduce in-hospital mortality.