“…Hence, the application of artificial intelligence came into use. The term “artificial intelligence” (AI) refers to the widespread application of computer programming techniques to solve complex engineering issues, particularly those involving regression and classification [ 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 ]. AI models are not only trained by using a large number of experimental observations but also validated using a new dataset [ 44 , 54 ].…”