This article explores the significance of animals and pets in the domestic and 'familial' life of the two largest children's residential welfare institutions operating in the nineteenth and earlytwentieth centuries. The article argues that children's institutions employed animals as pedagogical tools to shape children's emotions and behaviours and to construct idealised notions about family life and childhood. Using institutional periodicals the essay examines how literary and visual respresnetations of animals sought to inculcate values of kindness, sympathy, compassion and benevolence in child readers, while also imparting important lessons about animal care, childcare, parenthood, responsibility, and humanitarianism. The article proceeds to analyse how animals featured in the everyday lives of institutionalised children, and examines how pet-keeping helped to enhance a sense of home and family life for poor children, and the meanings that children and young people invested in these relationships. The essay broadens understandings of working class engagement with animals, and the meanings and importance of a range of pets in the lives of poor children in alternative family settings. In doing so, the essay offers a new way of exploring family life in alternative and npn-traditional household settings, and provides insight into the social, emotional and material experiences of childhood in institutional settings.