Compaction, degradation and deformation characteristics of an energy absorbing matrix

Behavior of a Mixture of Coal Wash and Rubber Crumbs under Cyclic Loading

“…Rubber crumbs were added at different weight proportions and the mixture was thoroughly mixed. Water was then added to reach the target moisture content (≈ 9-10 %) and the mixture was left in a sealed container under constant temperature and humidity to ensure a consistent water equilibration (Indraratna et al 2019b).…”

“…The triaxial test specimens were then prepared by compacting the mixture in 5 layers, where each layer was compacted until the required thickness to achieve the target void ratio (≈0.29) was attained. The target void ratio was determined by considering the dry density specification of the Australian Rail Track Corporation (ARTC, 2010) as explained by Indraratna et al (2019b). In total, 16 cyclic triaxial tests were performed on four CWRC mixtures.…”

“…The is the maximum deviator stress determined from the stress-strain curve. The values of and were determined from a previous study on the CWRC mixture of the authors (Indraratna et al 2019b).…”

Advances in ground improvement using waste materials for transportation infrastructure

“…This is because the high damping property and high energy-absorbing capacity of rubber help to attenuate dynamic loads and vibrations and hence reduce the degradation of infrastructure foundations and enhance stability and longevity (Costa et al, 2012;Indraratna et al, 2018Indraratna et al, , 2019aQi et al, 2018c;Schneider et al, 2011;Sol-Sánchez et al, 2015). Several types of recycled rubber products have been introduced into railwaysthat is, under-sleeper pads (USP), under-ballast mats (UBM), recycled tyre cells and granulated rubber/rubber crumbs (RC) (Indraratna et al, 2017a(Indraratna et al, , 2017b(Indraratna et al, , 2017c(Indraratna et al, , 2018(Indraratna et al, , 2019bJayasuriya et al, 2019;Navaratnarajah et al, 2018;Navaratnarajah and Indraratna, 2017;Nimbalkar and Indraratna, 2016;Sol-Sánchez et al, 2019). Furthermore, mixing RC with mining waste (i.e.…”

A mixture of coal wash and fly ash as a pavement substructure material

“…Leventhal, 1996;Okagbue and Ochulor, 2007;Rujikiatkamjorn et al, 2013;Heitor et al 2016), coal tailings (e.g. Indraratna et al, 1994;Williams et al, 1995;Morris and Williams, 1997;Williams and King, 2016) and mixtures of coal wash and other waste materials like steel furnace slag and rubber crumbs (Chiaro et al, 2014, Indraratna et al, 2018Qi et al, 2018, Indraratna et al, 2019 was studied widely in the literature. Some of these studies have demonstrated that marginal materials like coal wash have acceptable geotechnical properties to be used as a construction fill in port reclamation projects (e.g.…”