BACKGROUND
Medication adherence is a pervasive problem in medicine; approximately half of U.S. adults do not take their prescriptions as directed. Older adults are a particularly vulnerable population due to the greater likelihood of taking medication and the desire to “age in place.” Home medication management is understudied in older adults, including factors that impact the development and effectiveness of strategies under both routine and anomalous circumstances. This interview study is an exploration into how older adults manage their medication in their homes and what contributes to or detracts from adherence.
OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this study was to (1) understand how older adults develop medication management strategies; (2) identify strategies that lead to adherence; (3) learn more about how older adults think about their medication; and (4) explore interventions that increase medication adherence.
METHODS
This study utilized a qualitative, semi-structured interview design to elicit information about daily routines and perceived barriers to and facilitators of adherence. Participants were recruited through the Osher Lifelong Learning Institute at Tufts University, and interviews were conducted over video conference. Thematic, qualitative analysis was performed by reviewing and coding recordings and transcripts.
RESULTS
Twenty-two participants aged 50 and older were interviewed. Participants reported not receiving guidance about medication adherence from healthcare providers, and instead developing strategies on their own, with more than half (59%) using trial and error. The medication management strategies developed by study participants were all unique. These strategies, for most participants, encompassed their prescription medication as well as any vitamins or supplements they took with no demarcation between what was prescribed or recommended by a doctor or what they discovered independently. Pill cases (77%) were more popular than pill bottles (23%) for storage of daily medication. Most participants (86%) stored their pill cases or bottles in visible locations in the home, and those using pill cases developed unique routines for refilling them. Participants overwhelmingly relied on at least two routines or objects as reminders to take their medication. When nonadherence occurred, it was generally associated with a change in routine, such as oversleeping, receiving a phone call, missing a mealtime, or traveling. Finally, participants varied in how they identified their prescription medications, based on name, appearance, or purpose.
CONCLUSIONS
Participants in our study varied considerably in their home medication management strategies and developed unique routines to remember to take their medication as well as to refill their pill cases. While this study was small, the analysis suggests that there are opportunities for providers to provide adherence guidance to older adults, especially when receiving their first long-term prescription or when their regimen changes, and to design better aids to adherence that leverage established daily routines.