Compact fluorescent lamps

Heidemann, A.; Hien, Stefan; Panofski, Eva; Roll, U.

doi:10.1049/ip-a-3.1993.0067

Cited by 12 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…Following solvent optimization, >95% pure samples of Eu were obtained with a 67% recovery for the technologically relevant Eu/Y separation. (11)(12)(13)(14). Limitations associated with their beneficiation and separations, especially their solvent-, waste-, and energy intensities, have contributed to the concentration of suppliers in the People's Republic of China.…”

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“…rare earth elements | lanthanides | separations | critical materials | coordination chemistry R are earth elements, La-Lu, Y, and Sc, have applications in many technologies, including permanent magnets (1)(2)(3)(4)(5), NiMH batteries (6)(7)(8)(9)(10), and lamp phosphors (11)(12)(13)(14). Limitations associated with their beneficiation and separations, especially their solvent-, waste-, and energy intensities, have contributed to the concentration of suppliers in the People's Republic of China.…”

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Accomplishing simple, solubility-based separations of rare earth elements with complexes bearing size-sensitive molecular apertures

Bogart

Cole

Boreen

et al. 2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Rare earth (RE) metals are critical components of electronic materials and permanent magnets. Recycling of consumer materials is a promising new source of rare REs. To incentivize recycling, there is a clear need for the development of simple methods for targeted separations of mixtures of RE metal salts. Metal complexes of a tripodal hydroxylaminato ligand, TriNOx 3-, featured a size-sensitive aperture formed of its three η 2 -(N,O) ligand arms. Exposure of cations in the aperture induced a self-associative equilibrium comprising RE(TriNOx)THF and [RE(TriNOx)] 2 species. Differences in the equilibrium constants K dimer for early and late metals enabled simple separations through leaching. Separations were performed on RE1/RE2 mixtures, where RE1 = La-Sm and RE2 = Gd-Lu, with emphasis on Eu/Y separations for potential applications in the recycling of phosphor waste from compact fluorescent light bulbs. Using the leaching method, separations factors approaching 2,000 were obtained for early-late RE combinations. Following solvent optimization, >95% pure samples of Eu were obtained with a 67% recovery for the technologically relevant Eu/Y separation. (11)(12)(13)(14). Limitations associated with their beneficiation and separations, especially their solvent-, waste-, and energy intensities, have contributed to the concentration of suppliers in the People's Republic of China. Supply risks for these elements have emerged, particularly in the face of current and growing demand in the next 20 y (15, 16). Because the global marketplace for these elements is dominated by a single source (17), prices for primary rare earth (RE) materials are volatile (18). As a result, the US Department of Energy has classified many of these elements as "critical" (19). There is a clear need to find potential new supplies of these elements.Recent life cycle assessments have indicated that recycling of consumer materials is a promising alternative to conventional production processes (20). Despite this assertion, as recently as 2011, less than 1% of RE-containing materials were being recycled (21). These low recycling rates stem from a combination of sporadic collection procedures and lack of efficient separations and preprocessing steps (22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27).To contribute to incentivizing the "urban mining" of REcontaining materials, we recently initiated efforts toward new, simplified methods in RE separations (28). Our initial work focused on the separation of neodymium (Nd) and dysprosium (Dy), two key components of neomagnets (Nd 2 Fe 14 B). We disclosed the development of the tripodal nitroxide ligand, [((2-t BuNO)C 6 H 4 CH 2 ) 3 N] 3− (TriNOx 3-), which induced a selfassociation equilibrium between monomeric Nd(TriNOx)THF/ dimeric [Nd(TriNOx)] 2 species. The position of this equilibrium was found to be strongly dependent on the size of the RE cation. We showed proof of concept that differences in the self-association equilibrium constants between Nd and Dy could be exploited to achieve 95% pure materials through a simple leachi...

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confidence: 99%

Accomplishing simple, solubility-based separations of rare earth elements with complexes bearing size-sensitive molecular apertures

Bogart

Cole

Boreen

et al. 2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…La integración del balasto dentro de la lámpara fue posible con el desarrollo de balastos electrónicos que operan en una banda de frecuencias de 20 kHz a 50 kHz lo que permite disminuir el volumen y peso de su inductancia. Adicionalmente, al alimentar el tubo fluorescente con tensiones en alta frecuencia se obtienen otras ventajas como un incremento cercano al 10% del rendimiento luminoso [28] y la supresión del flicker producto de las fluctuaciones de la tensión de suministro. Estas lámparas son básicamente utilizadas en la iluminación residencial y usualmente tienen un flujo luminoso de 800 lm, rendimiento de 50 lm/W a 70 lm/W, vida útil de 8000 h a 10000 h y un IRC de 82 a 85 [5].…”

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Caracterización armónica de dispositivos de iluminación de eficiencia energética

Guzmán¹

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This doctoral thesis is presented as a compendium of six (6) articles published in Science Citation Index journals. The work proposes harmonic models of some of the most common energy efficient lighting devices in electrical installations (i.e., high intensity discharge lamps (HIDLs) with magnetic ballast, compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) with integrated ballast, and solid state lighting light emitting diodes (SSL-LEDs) luminaries). The aim of these models and the developed numerical tools is to characterize their harmonic emissions for use in harmonic power flow (HPF) studies in networks with high penetration of these loads. The work contributes mainly with the frequency domain equivalent circuit models and makes significant contributions in the model parameter estimation and suggestions on variations and simplifications of the models. La presente Tesis Doctoral se defiende bajo la modalidad de un compendio de seis (6) artículos publicados en revistas indexadas en el Science Citation Index. En ella se desarrolla la modelización armónica de algunos de los dispositivos de iluminación de eficiencia energética más habituales en las instalaciones eléctricas (i.e. las lámparas de descarga de alta intensidad con balasto magnético HIDLs, las lámparas fluorescentes compactas con balasto integrado CFLs y las lámparas de estado sólido de diodos inorgánicos emisores de luz SSL-LEDs). El objetivo de estos modelos y de las herramientas numéricas desarrolladas, es caracterizar sus emisiones armónicas y poder utilizarlos en programas de flujos de potencia con armónicos (HPF) en redes eléctricas con gran penetración de este tipo de cargas. El trabajo desarrollado contribuye principalmente con modelos de dichas lámparas basados en su circuito equivalente en el dominio de la frecuencia y realiza aportaciones significativas en la estimación de sus parámetros, además de propuestas de variantes y simplificaciones de los modelos.

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