Compact Elliptical UWB Antenna for Underwater Wireless Communications

Abstract

The increasing needs of free licensed frequency bands like Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM), Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN), and 5G for underwater communications required more bandwidth (BW) with higher data transferring rate. Microwaves produce a higher transferring rate of data, and their associated devices are smaller in comparison with sonar and ultrasonic. Thus, transceivers should have broad BW to cover more of a frequency band, especially from ultra-wideband (UWB) systems, which show potential outcomes. However, previous designs of similar work for underwater communications were very complicated, uneasy to fabricate, and large. Therefore, to overcome these shortcomings, a novel compact elliptical UWB antenna is designed to resonate from 1.3 to 7.2 GHz. It is invented from a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) layer with a dielectric constant of 2.55 mm and a thickness of 0.8 mm. The proposed antenna shows higher gain and radiation efficiency and stability throughout the working band when compared to recent similarly reported designs, even at a smaller size. The characteristics of the functioning antenna are investigated through fluid mediums of fresh-water, seawater, distilled water, and Debye model water. Later, its channel capacity, bit rate error, and data rate are evaluated. The results demonstrated that the antenna offers compact, easier fabrication with better UWB characteristics for underwater 5G communications.

Flexible Low-Loss Thin Flimsy Stripline for High-Speed Connections

“…PTFE is both flexible and has excellent physical, chemical, electrical, and heat resistance properties. PTFE is widely used in many high-frequency applications owing to its low-loss property [9][10][11][12]. The PTFE substrate used in this study is shown in Figure 3a.…”

“…Second, the cable should be sufficiently flexible to pass through the hinges between the base and display of the laptop. Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), a material that exhibits high flexibility and low loss, is widely used in many high-frequency applications [9][10][11][12]. Therefore, PTFE was selected as the stripline substrate material.…”

A Miniaturized Full-Ground Dual-Band MIMO Spiral Button Wearable Antenna for 5G and Sub-6 GHz Communications

“…Other approaches have also been put forth, including split ring resonators (SRR) and electronic band gaps (EBG). There have been several different MIMO antenna configurations proposed, including a two-element MIMO resonating at a single band with a connected ground plane, a three-element MIMO antenna with pattern and polarization diversity [ 2 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ], a dual band [ 11 , 12 , 13 ], and a wide band/UWB [ 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 ].…”

A novel high gain dual band ear bud shaped patch antenna for under water communications

“…This antenna produces more gain and adequate radiation efficacy. 1 The underwater communication channel is depicted not only in terms of EM wave propagation in water, but also in terms of multipath, water type, and water depth. The propagation attributes are examined through simulation.…”

“…It is developed within the working band of frequency 1.3 to 7.2 GHz. This antenna produces more gain and adequate radiation efficacy 1 . The underwater communication channel is depicted not only in terms of EM wave propagation in water, but also in terms of multipath, water type, and water depth.…”