Compact cities and the Covid-19 pandemic: Systematic review of the associations between transmission of Covid-19 or other respiratory viruses and population density or other features of neighbourhood design

Zhang, Xiaomeng; Sun, Ziwen; Ashcroft, Thulani; Dozier, Marshall; Ostrishko, Kayla; Krishan, Prerna; McSwiggan, Emilie; Keller, M; Douglas, Margaret

doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2022.102827

Cited by 24 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…Figure 4 illustrates the summarised findings among the housing type, COVID-19 infection, mental health and optional shopping or outing trips. While previous studies have suggested the associations between built environments and COVID-19 infection based on summarised data (eg, population density or house density, 31 COVID-19 transmission rate at the zip code scale 16 ), the current study employed large-scale individualised data with stringent control of various confounding factors, such as sex, age and social behaviours. Thus, associations between the housing environment and COVID-19 transmission are supported by stronger scientific evidence, demonstrating the significance and the novelty of the study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Meanwhile, two-bedroom or one-bedroom apartments showed inconsistent and underpowered results in some age groups likely due to lower household occupancy. Although contributions from confounding factors that were not modelled may Open access play a role (eg, population density 17 or spatial crowding 31 at aggregated scales or interactions with visitors and workers 17 ), the possibility of association with the built environment is high due to the stringent controls and reproducibility of the results in the stratified analyses. Concerning mental health, people who are homeless and participants who lived in apartments with shared living spaces were at a higher rate of reporting anxiety than inhabitants in free-standing homes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of housing environments on COVID-19 transmission and mental health revealed by COVID-19 Participant Experience data from the All of Us Research Program in the USA: a case–control study

et al. 2022

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ObjectivesTo examine the association between housing types and COVID-19 infection (or mental health) during the early stages of the pandemic by using the large-scale individual-levelAll of UsResearch Program COVID-19 Participant Experience (COPE) survey data. We hypothesise that housing types with a shared component are associated with elevated COVID-19 infection and subsequent mental health conditions.DesignA retrospective case–control study.SettingSecondary analysis of online surveys conducted in the USA.Participants62 664 participant responses to COPE from May to July 2020.Primary and secondary outcome measuresPrimary outcome measure is the self-reported COVID-19 status, and the secondary outcome measures are anxiety or stress. Both measures were applied for matched cases and controls of the same race, sex, age group and survey version.ResultsA multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that housing types with a shared component are significantly associated with COVID-19 infection (OR=1.19, 95% CI 1.1 to 1.3; p=2×10−4), anxiety (OR=1.26, 95% CI 1.1 to 1.4; p=1.1×10−6) and stress (OR=1.29, 95% CI 1.2 to 1.4; p=4.3×10−10) as compared with free-standing houses, after adjusting for confounding factors. Further, frequent optional shopping or outing trips, another indicator of the built environment, are also associated with COVID-19 infection (OR=1.36, 95% CI 1.1 to 1.8; p=0.02), but not associated with elevated mental health conditions. Confounding factors are controlled in the analysis such as ethnicity, age, social distancing behaviour and house occupancy.ConclusionOur study demonstrates that houses with a shared component tend to have an increased risk of COVID-19 transmission, which consequently leads to high levels of anxiety and stress for their dwellers. The study also suggests the necessity to improve the quality of the built environment such as residential housing and its surroundings through planning, design and management, ensuring a more resilient society that can cope with future pandemics.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of housing environments on COVID-19 transmission and mental health revealed by COVID-19 Participant Experience data from the All of Us Research Program in the USA: a case–control study

et al. 2022

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“…They can, for instance, reduce cardiovascular disease and diabetes by providing more opportunities for physical activity and walking, reduce the rate of respiratory diseases if designed properly to integrate green and open spaces, and contribute to the formation of local public spaces and places for formal and informal public interaction (that strengthens social capital) ( Sharifi, 2019b ). Compact cities could also provide positive mental health benefits by lower stress levels from long trips ( Zhang et al, 2022 ). In contrast, a compact city may induce some adverse outcomes, such as increased urban air pollution and limited availability and accessibility to green spaces in high-density areas, leading to fewer outdoor physical and recreational opportunities.…”

Section: Theoretical Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Urban planners and health professionals have explored these concerns at various scales and in different parts of the world (e.g., the United States and China). Researchers have assessed the association between compact city indicators such as population density, building density, residential density, the density of commercial facilities, road density, school density, distance to the city center, mixed land use, green space ratio, and access to services with COVID-19 transmission risks and reported contradictory observations ( Li et al, 2020 ; Mouratidis & Yiannakou, 2022 ; Sharifi & Khavarian-Garmsir, 2020 ; Wang, Wu, et al, 2021 ; Zhang et al, 2022 ).…”

Section: Theoretical Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measuring the effects of Compactness/Sprawl on COVID 19 spread patterns at the neighborhood level

Hejazi

Arvin²,

Sharifi³

et al. 2023

Cities

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“…These measures increased the economic disparity within and among countries, however, different economicabilities to comply with the measures between high- and low-income individuals are likely related to the risk of COVID-19 infection [ 4 , 6 ]. Crowded and high socioeconomic areas are strongly associated with a higher incidence of COVID-19 [ 7 , 8 ], coupled with severely impacted health systems [ 9 , 10 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The resiliency of noncommunicable diseases services during the public health crisis: a lesson from Bangkok, Thailand

Pitayarangsarit

Bhagaman

Yodmai

et al. 2023

BMC Health Serv Res

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Background The healthcare services for non-communicable diseases (NCD) are commonly affected by public health crises like the COVID-19 pandemic. During the pandemic, all healthcare facilities in Bangkok had been overwhelmed by the extreme caseload of COVID-19. Health service resiliency is crucial for the continued service of healthcare facilities post pandemic. This study aims to explore the impacts of COVID-19 on NCD service disruption and addressed the resilience of healthcare services at the operational level. Methods Healthcare facility-based surveys and in-depth interviews were conducted among representatives of the facilities in Bangkok from April 2021 to July 2021. The web-based, self-administered questionnaire, was sent to directors or authorities of all healthcare facilities in Bangkok Thailand (n = 169). Two healthcare facilities from three levels of health services were purposively selected. The directors or medical doctors and nurses who are in charge of the NCD service, and working at the six selected health facilities, were invited to participate in the in-depth interviews. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the survey data, and thematic analysis was used to analyze the data from the in-depth interviews. Results The impact of COVID-19 on NCD service disruption in the second wave (2021) was more severe than in the first wave (2020). The main reasons for NCD service disruptions are insufficient staff, and the closure of some services offered by the healthcare facilities. Surprisingly, both the budget and medical supply for healthcare facilities in Bangkok are less affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Our study revealed resilience capability i.e. absorptive, adaptive, and transformative capabilityamong the healthcare facilities that provide a continuum of care by increasing availability and accessibility to healthcare services for chronic illness as DM. The service disruption in Bangkok may alter from other provinces because of variations in COVID-19 incidence and health services contexts. Conclusion During the public health crisis, using affordable and common digital technologies to ensure DM patients can access a continuum of care and providing alternative services such as mobile medical laboratories, medication delivery, and medical refill at drug stores can increase consistent monitoring of glycemic levels and use of prescribed medication.

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Compact cities and the Covid-19 pandemic: Systematic review of the associations between transmission of Covid-19 or other respiratory viruses and population density or other features of neighbourhood design

Cited by 24 publications

References 56 publications

Effects of housing environments on COVID-19 transmission and mental health revealed by COVID-19 Participant Experience data from the All of Us Research Program in the USA: a case–control study

Effects of housing environments on COVID-19 transmission and mental health revealed by COVID-19 Participant Experience data from the All of Us Research Program in the USA: a case–control study

Measuring the effects of Compactness/Sprawl on COVID 19 spread patterns at the neighborhood level

The resiliency of noncommunicable diseases services during the public health crisis: a lesson from Bangkok, Thailand

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