Compact and Lightweight Sabatier Reactor for Carbon Dioxide Reduction

Junaedi, Christian; Hawley, Kyle; Walsh, Dennis; Roychoudhury, Subir; Abney, Morgan B.; Perry, Jay L.

doi:10.2514/6.2011-5033

Cited by 26 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…The current ISS closed-loop system has an efficacy of approximately 93% 1 , reducing the net mass of water launched from Earth to support six crewmembers by 6,800-kg/year 35 . Additional (2,500-L/year) water is provided on ISS by a Sabitier process-based 36 system integrated into the ISS system 2,37,38 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Body size and its implications upon resource utilization during human space exploration missions

Scott

Green

Weerts

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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The purpose of this theoretical study was to estimate the effects of body size and countermeasure (CM) exercise in an all-male crew composed of individuals drawn from a height range representative of current space agency requirements upon total energy expenditure (TEE), oxygen (O 2) consumption, carbon dioxide (CO 2) and metabolic heat (H prod) production, and water requirements for hydration, during space exploration missions. Using a height range of 1.50-to 1.90-m, and assuming geometric similarity across this range, estimates were derived for a four-person male crew (age: 40-years; BMI: 26.5-kg/m 2 ; resting VO 2 and VO 2max : 3.3-and 43.4-mL/kg/min) on 30-to 1,080-d missions, without and with, ISS-like CM exercise (modelled as 2 × 30-min aerobic exercise at 75% VO 2max , 6-d/week). Where spaceflight-specific data/equations were not available, terrestrial data/equations were used. Body size alone increased 24-h TEE (+ 44%), O 2 consumption (+ 60%), CO 2 (+ 60%) and H prod (+ 60%) production, and water requirements (+ 19%). With CM exercise, the increases were + 29 to 32%, + 31%, + 35%, + 42% and + 23 to 33% respectively, across the height range. Compared with a 'small-sized' (1.50-m) crew without CM exercise, a 'large-sized' (1.90-m) crew exercising would require an additional 996-MJ of energy, 52.5 × 10 3-L of O 2 and 183.6-L of water, and produce an additional 44.0 × 10 3-L of CO 2 and 874-MJ of heat each month. This study provides the first insight into the potential implications of body size and the use of ISS-like CM exercise upon the provision of life-support during exploration missions. Whilst closed-loop life-support (O 2 , water and CO 2) systems may be possible, strategies to minimize and meet crew metabolic energy needs, estimated in this study to increase by 996-MJ per month with body size and CM exercise, are required. To sustain humans in space requires the construction of a protective habitat and the generation (and maintenance) of environmental conditions consistent with life. Any habitat, be it a transit vehicle, orbital outpost such as the International Space Station (ISS) in Low Earth Orbit, or future surface habitat, must not only protect crewmembers from the near vacuum of space, but also the extremes of temperature and other space-specific risks including radiation and micrometeorites. Furthermore, appropriate 'life-support' must be provided (i.e. oxygen [O 2 ], water and food), in addition to the management/removal of the by-products of human metabolism (carbon dioxide [CO 2 ], water vapour, metabolic heat, urine, and faeces). On ISS, the provision of life-support is achieved through a combination of supply (and regular re-supply) from the ground (e.g. the Russian 'Progress' expendable cargo and SpaceX's 'Dragon' supply vehicles), and a range of on-board technologies that both manage the internal atmosphere and, increasingly, re-use or recycle by-products (e.g. splitting of CO 2 to generate O 2 and partially [70%] efficient recycling of urine for potable water) 1,2. However, future space...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Body size and its implications upon resource utilization during human space exploration missions

Scott

Green

Weerts

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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“…As a consequence, substantial amounts of carbon and other elements are lost over time ( Mansell et al, 2011 ; Knox and Stanley, 2015 ). So even nowadays, all of the methods used for air revitalization are physicochemical and not regenerative ( Junaedi et al, 2011 ; Tobias et al, 2011 ). They use a lot of consumables and produce a lot of waste and are therefore only applicable for near-by (LEO) missions with easy resupply from Earth ( Daues, 2006 ).…”

Section: Physicochemical Air Revitalization In Space Habitatsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of Photobioreactors in Regenerative Life Support Systems for Human Space Exploration

et al. 2021

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There are still many challenges to overcome for human space exploration beyond low Earth orbit (LEO) (e.g., to the Moon) and for long-term missions (e.g., to Mars). One of the biggest problems is the reliable air, water and food supply for the crew. Bioregenerative life support systems (BLSS) aim to overcome these challenges using bioreactors for waste treatment, air and water revitalization as well as food production. In this review we focus on the microbial photosynthetic bioprocess and photobioreactors in space, which allow removal of toxic carbon dioxide (CO2) and production of oxygen (O2) and edible biomass. This paper gives an overview of the conducted space experiments in LEO with photobioreactors and the precursor work (on ground and in space) for BLSS projects over the last 30 years. We discuss the different hardware approaches as well as the organisms tested for these bioreactors. Even though a lot of experiments showed successful biological air revitalization on ground, the transfer to the space environment is far from trivial. For example, gas-liquid transfer phenomena are different under microgravity conditions which inevitably can affect the cultivation process and the oxygen production. In this review, we also highlight the missing expertise in this research field to pave the way for future space photobioreactor development and we point to future experiments needed to master the challenge of a fully functional BLSS.

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“…Currently, the main objectives of the Polish energy policy in relation to the report presented in [1], are increasing the energy safety, improving competitiveness and efficiency of the energy generation and reducing negative environmental impact. Implementation of these provisions entails continuous improvement of existing energy technologies and developing new ones.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Concept of Autonomous Instalation for Methane Generation Coupled with Renewable Energy Sources

Pospolita¹,

Cholewiński²,

Jesionek³

2017

The Publications of the MultiScience - XXXI. MicroCAD International Scientific Conference

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Presented article is based on the concept of autonomous generator of methane which may be potential used in small and medium scale industries for the energy generation. The installation is powered by renewable energy sources, using both the solar and wind energies An essential element of the system is reactor of methane filled by hydrogen and carbon dioxide. Operation of the presented reactor is also supported by a catalytic activity of nanoparticles, which can be synthesized via a bioreduction process. Methane may be used directly or injected into local distribution network, also may support local cogeneration installations. In the article, it is described in details all stages of the whole process leading to the methane generation. The possibility of cooperation between developed solution and the national energy system is also discussed.

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Compact and Lightweight Sabatier Reactor for Carbon Dioxide Reduction

Cited by 26 publications

References 20 publications

Body size and its implications upon resource utilization during human space exploration missions

Body size and its implications upon resource utilization during human space exploration missions

Use of Photobioreactors in Regenerative Life Support Systems for Human Space Exploration

The Concept of Autonomous Instalation for Methane Generation Coupled with Renewable Energy Sources

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