Comorbidity of upper urinary tract stones and cardiovascular pathology: risk factors and common pathophysiological mechanisms

Abstract

As a result of a detailed study and analysis of the scientific literature, common risk factors characteristic of the combination of urolithiasis and cardiovascular pathology were identified, which contribute to the formation of stones in the upper urinary tract and progression, the occurrence of complications from the cardiovascular system, the main common pathophysiological mechanisms of the specified nosologies were described, which associated with the imbalance of various regulatory systems in the body, such as the level of nitric oxide, inflammatory processes, endothelial dysfunction, hypercalcemia, hyperuricemia, changes in the homeostasis of calcium and phosphorus, and a decrease in the level of magnesium in the blood. The influence of the factors mentioned above allows the reduction of the risk of urolithiasis and the development of cardiovascular system complications in patients with comorbidity of upper urinary tract stones and cardiovascular pathology.