Abstract:Being exposed to life-threatening physical traumas, for example, a motor vehicle accident or combatrelated injury, may also contribute to the development of chronic physical pain and PTSD. The use of opiates to treat chronic pain may result in the development of opiate addiction. Therefore, PTSD, pain, and opiate addiction commonly co-occur. The signs and symptoms of these disorders may overlap, which can make it challenging to determine which led to which. For example, the opioid withdrawal syndrome may mimic… Show more
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