Community violence and cellular and cytokine indicators of inflammation in adolescents

Finegood, Eric D.; Chen, Eric; Kish, Jennifer; Vause, Katherine; Leigh, Adam K.K.; Hoffer, Lauren; Miller, Gregory E.

doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.104628

Cited by 25 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Studies of civilian killings by police and neighborhood violence more generally indicate that these stressors affect not only those who are directly involved but also members of the broader community. These “indirect” effects can manifest in unfavorable changes in sleep patterns, mental health, diurnal cortisol release, low-grade inflammation, and cardiometabolic risk ( 21 – 24 ). These pathways have been tied to PTD, SGA, and CVD and could explain the observations here.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Stress, in turn, can trigger behavioral and physiological changes that increase vulnerability to subsequent health problems. Even when stress is anticipatory in nature, e.g., concerns about the prospect of a loved one having a violent interaction with police, it can have repercussions for health (21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26). Consistent with these notions, studies have linked neighborhood exposure to fatal police violence with adverse reproductive outcomes, including a higher risk of PTD (27), a higher risk of delivering a low-birthweight infant (28), and a decline in the number of live births, suggestive of an increase in pregnancy loss (29).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Complaints about excessive use of police force in women’s neighborhoods and subsequent perinatal and cardiovascular health

et al. 2022

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There are substantial, unexplained racial disparities in women’s health. Some of the most pronounced involve elevated rates of preterm delivery (PTD) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) among Black women. We hypothesized that stress associated with excessive use of force by police may contribute to these disparities. In two prospective cohorts derived from electronic health records (pregnancy cohort, N = 67,976; CVD cohort, N = 6773), we linked formal complaints of excessive police force in patients’ neighborhoods with health outcomes. Exposed Black women were 1.19 times as likely to experience PTD [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.04 to 1.35] and 1.42 times as likely to develop CVD (95% CI: 1.12 to 1.79), even after adjustment for neighborhood disadvantage and homicide. The excess risks of PTD were also observed in maternal fixed-effects analyses comparing births to the same woman. These findings suggest police violence may be an unrecognized contributor to health inequity for Black women.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Complaints about excessive use of police force in women’s neighborhoods and subsequent perinatal and cardiovascular health

et al. 2022

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“…This fact could represent a stressful factor regarding the socially expected behavior of men facing conflicts. The social acceptance of violence exposes children to the risk of reproducing it in their daily relationships [ 10 , 11 , 47 ], and exposes them to chronic stress [ 17 ] and posttraumatic stress disorders in young adulthood [ 18 ]. In this study, male teenagers showed higher state anxiety associated with using moral disengagement mechanisms, such as diffusion of responsibility and dehumanization.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, children and adolescents who live in violent situations are exposed to chronic stress that compromises their health [ 17 , 18 ]. Anxiety response refers to different physical and mental manifestations that are not attributable to real dangers and appears as crises or diffuse states [ 19 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender, Anxiety, and Legitimation of Violence in Adolescents Facing Simulated Physical Aggression at School

et al. 2021

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We analyzed gender and anxiety differences in middle school students facing a physical peer aggression situation. The participants were 1147 adolescents aged between 12 and 18 years (male: n = 479; female: n = 668) who watched a 12 s animation representing the situation and filled out a questionnaire to analyze the legitimation of violent behaviors and anxiety levels. We registered their decisions to solve the situation using a categorical scale that included assertive, avoidant, aggressive, submissive, and supportive behaviors. Gender was not associated with the adolescent’s behaviors in facing a simulated peer aggression situation. However, male teenagers tended to perceive adults as sanctioners and neutrals; those who used the diffusion of responsibility and dehumanization to justify their behavior also showed a higher state of anxiety. Female teenagers who expected legitimation from their peers, presented higher anxiety as well. Educational interventions may use these results, helping adolescents to understand that their acts have substantial implications in the lives of others. It is essential to develop group interventions that modify how adolescents manage their conflicts and change gender stereotypes that significantly impact health. We highlight the need for linking families in educational programs facing the challenges of transforming the legitimization of violence in parental practices.

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“…Physical geography may also dictate an individual's exposure to crime and police violence as well as the availability of educational or employment opportunities, all of which are known risk factors for stress-related psychopathology ( McCoy et al, 2016 ; Shalev et al, 2019 ; Sun et al, 2020 ). Critically, processes that are highly correlated with residing in poorer communities, including childhood trauma ( Baglivio et al, 2017 ; Maguire-Jack and Font, 2017 ), biological aging (as indexed by shorter telomere length; Massey et al, 2018 ; Needham et al, 2014 ) and altered immune system activation ( Finegood et al, 2020 ; Janusek et al, 2017 ; Karb et al, 2012 ), can trigger modifications to brain regions involved in necessary everyday function, including emotion regulation, attention, and memory ( Hägg et al, 2017 ; Marusak et al, 2015 ; Weaver et al, 2002 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neural impact of neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage in traumatically injured adults

Webb

Weis

Huggins

et al. 2021

Neurobiology of Stress

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Nearly 14 percent of Americans live in a socioeconomically disadvantaged neighborhood. Lower individual socioeconomic position (iSEP) has been linked to increased exposure to trauma and stress, as well as to alterations in brain structure and function; however, the neural effects of neighborhood SEP (nSEP) factors, such as neighborhood disadvantage, are unclear. Using a multi-modal approach with participants who recently experienced a traumatic injury ( N = 185), we investigated the impact of neighborhood disadvantage, acute post-traumatic stress symptoms, and iSEP on brain structure and functional connectivity at rest. After controlling for iSEP, demographic variables, and acute PTSD symptoms, nSEP was associated with decreased volume and alterations of resting-state functional connectivity in structures implicated in affective processing, including the insula, ventromedial prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and hippocampus. Even in individuals who have recently experienced a traumatic injury, and after accounting for iSEP, the impact of living in a disadvantaged neighborhood is apparent, particularly in brain regions critical for experiencing and regulating emotion. These results should inform future research investigating how various levels of socioeconomic circumstances may impact recovery after a traumatic injury as well as policies and community-developed interventions aimed at reducing the impact of socioeconomic stressors.

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Community violence and cellular and cytokine indicators of inflammation in adolescents

Cited by 25 publications

References 43 publications

Complaints about excessive use of police force in women’s neighborhoods and subsequent perinatal and cardiovascular health

Complaints about excessive use of police force in women’s neighborhoods and subsequent perinatal and cardiovascular health

Gender, Anxiety, and Legitimation of Violence in Adolescents Facing Simulated Physical Aggression at School

Neural impact of neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage in traumatically injured adults

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