Community structure and diversity of the microbiomes of two microhabitats at the root–soil interface: implications of meta-analysis of the root-zone soil and root endosphere microbial communities in Xiong’an New Area

Abstract

The diversity of the microbial compositions of the root-zone soil (the rhizosphere-surrounding soil) and root endosphere (all inner root tissues) of Pinus tabulaeformis Carr. and Ginkgo biloba L. were evaluated in Xiong’an New Area using high-throughput sequencing; the influence of the soil edaphic parameters on microbial community compositions was also evaluated. Our results showed that both the taxonomic and phylogenetic diversities of the root endosphere were lower than those of the root-zone soil, but the variation in the endosphere microbial community structure was remarkably higher than that of the root-zone soil. Spearman correlation analysis showed that the soil organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphate, total potassium, ratio of carbon to nitrogen, and pH significantly explained the α-diversity of the bacterial community and that total nitrogen differentially contributed to the α-diversity of the fungal community. Variation partitioning analysis showed that plant species had a greater influence on microbial composition variations than did any other soil property, although soil chemical parameters explained more variation when integrated. Together, our results suggest that both plant species and soil chemical parameters played a critical role in shaping the microbial community composition.

Seasonal Variations Affect The Ecosystem Functioning And Microbial Assembly Processes In Plantation Forests

“…The Xiong'an New Area (38°43 -39°10 N, 115°38 -116°20 E), which includes three counties (Xiong, Anxin, and Rongcheng), is located in the north of China, which was established in 2017, and it is another new national city after the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone and Shanghai Pudong New District [9] (Supplementary Figure 35). Between 2017 and 2020, Xiong'an added more than 27,000 hectares of trees, increasing its forest coverage to 30 percent (http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2021-04/01/c_139852880.htm).…”

“…This area is classi ed as having a warm temperate continental monsoon climate with four distinct seasons. The average annual temperature and precipitation are approximately 12.1°C and 560 mm, respectively [9,11]. The soil samples were collected from a P. tabulaeformis plot (Chinese pine tree, hereinafter referred to as 'CP', with an approximate size of 3,706.01 m 2 ) and an S. japonica plot (Chinese scholar tree, hereinafter referred to as 'CS', with an approximate size of 4,114.78 m 2 ) in plantation forests with a history of planting either Zea mays L. or Triticum aestivum L., followed by the closing of the land for afforestation.…”

“…The time-scale sampling was selected according to the weather climate of the northern part of China. Sampling details were followed according to our previous studies [9,102]. Brie y, three random lines were randomly selected with the distance between each line at approximately 100 m, and by walking along each line, a soil core was collected every 5 m. The resulting soil cores were mixed to yield a composite sample from each line; three samples were collected per plot for each season.…”

“…The soil biota, mostly bacteria, fungi, and protists, is considered a key driver of primary production, nutrient cycling, and biogeochemical cycles [12,13]. Environmental factors such as plant species [9,14], physicochemical properties [9,11], and seasonal variations [5,[15][16][17] control the abundance and/or composition of soil biota. The majority of the studies evaluated the impact of either environmental variables or ecoenzyme activities on soil biota in natural forests in temperate and boreal areas and Arctic tundra seasonally [16,[18][19][20][21]; thus, exploration of the integrated effects of different plant types, variations in seasons (multiple time points), edaphic conditions, biochemical properties and biogeochemical cycling is an essential step for ecological management practices [15], particularly for those areas that are under heavy urbanization with exotic forest plantations [9,11].…”

Different patterns of belowground fungal diversity along altitudinal gradients with respect to microhabitat and guild types

“…Distinct fungal communities widely interact along a continuum of mutualism to parasitism with vascular plants and other microbes in root and soil microhabitats [2,3]. Previous studies have reported that species with different functions inhabit different microhabitats in reliant to exudates from plants [4][5][6]. For example, in roots, mycorrhizal fungi establish associations with the majority of plants in the form of ectomycorrhizal fungi (ECM), arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, and ericoid mycorrhizal fungi [2,7].…”