Community perceptions on outdoor malaria transmission in Kilombero Valley, Southern Tanzania

Moshi, Irene R.; Ngowo, Halfan S.; Dillip, Angel; Msellemu, Daniel; Madumla, Edith P.; Okumu, Fredros O.; Coetzee, Maureen; Mnyone, Ladslaus L.; Manderson, Lenore

doi:10.1186/s12936-017-1924-7

Cited by 41 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…This approach leads healthcare toward the generation of policies, plans and programs that adopt a vertical perspective and ignores the concept of medicine itself, which is part of a larger system of beliefs, behaviors and attitudes. 3 This finding is similar to a report from Zambia and Tanzania, 17,18 where no effective information and communication strategies are in place and where healthcare personnel also work in dispersed areas with difficult access that further distances communities from prevention and treatment services.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

Habits, Customs and Community Beliefs about Malaria and Its Vector (Anopheles sp.) in Vistahermosa (Meta-Colombia)

Jaramillo

Balaguera

Ochoa

2017

JCD

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Background: Malaria is endemic in Colombia and still a major problem in public health. This study aims to describe the community knowledge, attitudes and practices related to malaria and its vector Anopheles sp. In Vistahermosa (Meta). Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study using a KAP form for adult residents who provided informed consent. The sample was calculated with 95% confidence level, 5% error rate and expected frequency of 10%. Sociodemographic information, knowledge, attitudes and practices about the disease and the vector, and perception of Health Department actions were recorded. Descriptive statistics for the collected data were recorded, and 95% confidence intervals were included. Results: In total, 120 surveys were conducted. A total of 40% of the respondents had had malaria, and 88.33% considered the disease a problem. A total of 13.33% did not complete treatment. A total of 50.83% of the respondents reported that each person was responsible for prevention, 25% reported that prevention was the responsibility of the Health Department, and 5% reported that prevention was the responsibility of the community. There was low participation and community appropriation (2.5%), and 12.50% of the respondents did nothing to prevent mosquito bites. There was confusion between the vector of malaria (Anopheles) and Aedes aegypti. There is still a lack of knowledge of the transmission mechanisms of malaria. Conclusion: Health is not the sole responsibility of health agencies but is a point of convergence between communities and government entities, which should design effective prevention and control programs.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

Habits, Customs and Community Beliefs about Malaria and Its Vector (Anopheles sp.) in Vistahermosa (Meta-Colombia)

Jaramillo

Balaguera

Ochoa

2017

JCD

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“…Several studies in tropical settings have documented that many people stay active outdoors in early evenings before they go indoors and then sleep under bed nets [14,16,17]. Those studies also characterized the actual activities that people were involved in outdoors.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In many malaria-endemic communities, people spend several hours cooking, eating and socializing outdoors in the early evenings before they go to sleep, and also in the early mornings after they wake up [14], when malaria vectors may be active and mediating transmission [11]. Some of these outdoor activities, as well as sleeping outdoors [15], are partly attributable to warm climate [16], but they also have strong cultural determinants [17]. The importance of outdoor malaria transmission, and associated outdoor human activities, are now well-established [9,10,14,17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Creating mosquito-free outdoor spaces using transfluthrin-treated chairs and ribbons

Masalu

Finda

Killeen

et al. 2020

Malar J

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Background: Residents of malaria-endemic communities spend several hours outdoors performing different activities, e.g. cooking, story-telling or eating, thereby exposing themselves to potentially-infectious mosquitoes. This compromises effectiveness of indoor interventions, notably long-lasting insecticide-treated nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS). This study characterized common peri-domestic spaces in rural southeastern Tanzania, and assessed protective efficacy against mosquitoes of hessian fabric mats and ribbons treated with the spatial repellent, transfluthrin, and fitted to chairs and outdoor kitchens, respectively. Methods: Two hundred households were surveyed, and their most-used peri-domestic spaces physically characterized. Protective efficacies of locally-made transfluthrin-emanating chairs and hessian ribbons were tested in outdoor environments of 28 households in dry and wet seasons, using volunteer-occupied exposure-free double net traps. CDC light traps were used to estimate host-seeking mosquito densities within open-structure outdoor kitchens. Fieldcollected Anopheles arabiensis and Anopheles funestus mosquitoes were exposed underneath the chairs to estimate 24 h-mortality. Finally, The World Health Organization insecticide susceptibility tests were conducted on wild-caught Anopheles from the villages. Results: Approximately half (52%) of houses had verandas. Aside from these verandas, most houses also had peridomestic spaces where residents stayed most times (67% of houses with verandas and 94% of non-veranda houses). Two-thirds of these spaces were sited under trees, and only one third (34.4%) were built-up. The outdoor structures were usually makeshift kitchens having roofs and partial walls. Transfluthrin-treated chairs reduced outdoor-biting An. arabiensis densities by 70-85%, while transfluthrin-treated hessian ribbons fitted to the outdoor kitchens caused 77-81% reduction in the general peri-domestic area. Almost all the field-collected An. arabiensis (99.4%) and An. funestus (100%) exposed under transfluthrin-treated chairs died. The An. arabiensis were susceptible to non-pyrethroids (pirimiphos methyl and bendiocarb), but resistant to pyrethroids commonly used on LLINs (deltamethrin and permethrin). Conclusion: Most houses had actively-used peri-domestic outdoor spaces where exposure to mosquitoes occurred. The transfluthrin-treated chairs and ribbons reduced outdoor-biting malaria vectors in these peri-domestic spaces, and also elicited significant mortality among pyrethroid-resistant field-caught malaria vectors. These two new prototype formats for transfluthrin emanators, if developed further, may constitute new options for complementing LLINs and IRS with outdoor protection against malaria and other mosquito-borne pathogens in areas where peri-domestic human activities are common.

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“…These changes, associated with the suppression of the once predominant local vector [4][5][6][7][8][9] attenuate the impact of LLINs and IRS [4]. This shift in mosquito species composition and consequently to mosquito behaviour that define the biological limits of LLINs and IRS, coupled with practices that expose human hosts to outdoor mosquito biting [10,11] have resulted in persistent malaria transmission outdoors (residual transmission) [12,13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of personal protection afforded by repellent-treated sandals against mosquito bites in south-eastern Tanzania

Sangoro

Gavana

Finda

et al. 2020

Malar J

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Background: Outdoor and early evening mosquito biting needs to be addressed if malaria elimination is to be achieved. While indoor-targeted interventions, such as insecticide-treated nets and indoor residual spraying, remain essential, complementary approaches that tackle persisting outdoor transmission are urgently required to maximize the impact. Major malaria vectors principally bite human hosts around the feet and ankles. Consequently, this study investigated whether sandals treated with efficacious spatial repellents can protect against outdoor biting mosquitoes.Methodology: Sandals affixed with hessian bands measuring 48 cm 2 treated with 0.06 g, 0.10 g and 0.15 g of transfluthrin were tested in large cage semi-field and full field experiments. Sandals affixed with hessian bands measuring 240 cm 2 and treated with 0.10 g and 0.15 g of transfluthrin were also tested semi field experiments. Human landing catches (HLC) were used to assess reduction in biting exposure by comparing proportions of mosquitoes landing on volunteers wearing treated and untreated sandals. Sandals were tested against insectary reared Anopheles arabiensis mosquitoes in semi-field experiments and against wild mosquito species in rural Tanzania. Results:In semi-field tests, sandals fitted with hessian bands measuring 48 cm 2 and treated with 0.15 g, 0.10 g and 0.06 g transfluthrin reduced mosquito landings by 45.9%, (95% confidence interval (C.I.) 28-59%), 61.1% (48-71%), and 25.9% (9-40%), respectively compared to untreated sandals. Sandals fitted with hessian bands measuring 240 cm 2 and treated with 0.15 g and 0.10 g transfluthrin reduced mosquito landings by 59% (43-71%) and 64% (48-74%), respectively. In field experiments, sandals fitted with hessian bands measuring 48 cm 2 and treated with 0.15 g transfluthrin reduced mosquito landings by 70% (60-76%) against Anopheles gambiae sensu lato, and 66.0% (59-71%) against all mosquito species combined. Conclusion:Transfluthrin-treated sandals conferred significant protection against mosquito bites in semi-field and field settings. Further evaluation is recommended for this tool as a potential complementary intervention against malaria. This intervention could be particularly useful for protecting against outdoor exposure to mosquito bites. Additional studies are necessary to optimize treatment techniques and substrates, establish safety profiles and determine epidemiological impact in different settings.

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Community perceptions on outdoor malaria transmission in Kilombero Valley, Southern Tanzania

Cited by 41 publications

References 46 publications

Habits, Customs and Community Beliefs about Malaria and Its Vector (Anopheles sp.) in Vistahermosa (Meta-Colombia)

Habits, Customs and Community Beliefs about Malaria and Its Vector (Anopheles sp.) in Vistahermosa (Meta-Colombia)

Creating mosquito-free outdoor spaces using transfluthrin-treated chairs and ribbons

Evaluation of personal protection afforded by repellent-treated sandals against mosquito bites in south-eastern Tanzania

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