Community-Led Total Sanitation and the rate of latrine ownership

Zeleke, Dagim Afework; Gelaye, Kassahun Alemu; Mekonnen, Fantahun Ayenew

doi:10.1186/s13104-019-4066-x

Cited by 17 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Accordingly, latrine prevalence was almost consistent with the national estimate (44%) as documented in EDHS, 2016 [7]. Similar evidence was reported from South East Zone of Tigray, Northern Ethiopia (37.6%), Central Zone of Tigray, Northern Ethiopia (37.4%), and Dabat district, North West Ethiopia (47%) [11,25,26].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Latrine Ownership and Its Determinants in Rural Villages of Tigray, Northern Ethiopia: Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study

Ajemu

Desta

Berhe

et al. 2020

Journal of Environmental and Public Health

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Background. Open defecation was largely a rural phenomenon most widely attributed to poor latrine ownership at community level. We aimed at examining latrine ownership and its determinants in rural villages of the Tigray region, Northern Ethiopia. Methods. Community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from June to July 2018. A total of 756 randomly selected households were involved in the study. The multistage cluster sampling technique was used to select study households. Data were checked, coded, and entered into Epi-Info version 7. Besides, it was exported to SPSS version 20 for data analysis. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was involved to estimate the net effect size of factors associated with latrine ownership. Results. The proportion of households owning latrine was 35.7%. The majority (84.4%) of constructed latrines were utilized by household families. Households advocated latrine IEC by Health Extension Workers (HEWs) (AOR = 1.902, 95% CI: 1.269–2.852), living in their private house (AOR = 3.13, 95% CI: 1.528–6.401), and the occupation status of government employees (AOR = 3.54, 95% CI: 0.586–21.397) are more likely to lead to the construction of latrines. The availability of latrine made on slab floor (AOR = 1.790, 95% CI: 0.297–3.102), having a latrine constructed inside the household compound (AOR = 4.463, 95% CI: 1.021–19.516), and delivery of latrine IEC by Women Development Armies (WDAs) (AOR = 2.425, 95% CI: 0.728–8.083) may lead to better latrine utilization at the household level. Conclusion. Households owning latrine at the community level were low. The desired level of latrine ownership will be realized if all sanitation and hygiene components are kept on eye side by side in line with identified predictor factors.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Latrine Ownership and Its Determinants in Rural Villages of Tigray, Northern Ethiopia: Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study

Ajemu

Desta

Berhe

et al. 2020

Journal of Environmental and Public Health

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“…Some participants cited problems in procuring materials to build a latrine or the price tag of constructing a latrine as a barrier. Ethiopia at present encourages a simple pit latrine with a slab made from locally obtainable materials [ 37 ]. Even though the use of locally obtainable materials has been advocated for the sustainability of any embraced technology, the present study revealed that latrines fell short of being sustained as a result of the use of poor quality local materials.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring barriers to the adoption and utilization of improved latrine facilities in rural Ethiopia: An Integrated Behavioral Model for Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (IBM-WASH) approach

Tamene¹,

Afework

2021

PLoS ONE

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Background Even though evidence shows that access to and use of improved latrines is related to healthful families and the public, obstacles to the adoption and use of improved latrine facilities remain. Globally, not many inquiries appear to have been carried out to satisfactorily inform us regarding the multi-level barriers influencing the adoption and utilization of improved latrines facilities. Related studies in Ethiopia are even fewer. Methods Two qualitative data gathering methods, viz., key informant interviews and focus group discussions, were employed to collect data for this study. A total of fifteen focus group discussions were conducted with members of the community in the rural Wonago district of Ethiopia. Similarly, ten key informant interviews were conducted with water, sanitation, and hygiene officers, and health extension workers responsible for coordinating sanitation and hygiene activities. Open code software 4.03 was used for thematic analysis. Result Barriers to adoption and use of improved latrine facilities were categorized into Contextual factors (e.g. Gender, educational status, personal preference for using the field, limited space, population density, the status of land ownership), Psychosocial factors (Culture, beliefs, attitudes, and perceptions of minimal health threat from children's feces), and Technological factors (inconveniences in acquiring materials and cost of constructing a latrine). Conclusion There are a series of multi-leveled barriers to the sustained adoption and use of latrines. Providing funding opportunities for the underprivileged and offering training on the engineering skills of latrine construction at the community level based on the contextual soil circumstances could expand the latrine coverage and use. Similarly, taking into account the variability in motivations for adopting and using latrines among our study in Ethiopia and other studies, we implore public health experts to recognize behaviors and norms in their target communities in advance of implementing sanitation interventions.

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“…They spread innovations by using their shared knowledge of the language, social, cultural and religious beliefs and their existing relationships with and within communities (30,31). Innovators and early adopters in a community include teachers (30,55), leaders (10,22,30,31,34,55,56), healthcare workers (30,42,55,57,58), and community committees (21,46,59,60). Diffusion can contribute to the three outcomes -access, change and sustainability.…”

Section: Diffusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Without external support, shame can promote access to and individual/household ownership of latrines (22,31,38,55,57,62,65,77) and handwashing facilities (30,33,62). These outcomes are limited in communities and households with financial and technical challenges (24,35,61,65).…”

Section: Accessmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These outcomes are limited in communities and households with financial and technical challenges (24,35,61,65). Enablers include initiating shame by leaders and people known within the community, which helps the acceptance, monitoring and enforcement of new norms (22,31,55,57,62,77). Smaller homogenous communities with effective leadership, are more likely to achieve universal sanitation coverage because people have closer relationships and are more mindful of the impact of their behaviours on others, therefore change in social norms occur more readily (31).…”

Section: Accessmentioning

confidence: 99%

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How community engagement in water and sanitation interventions impacts human health, infrastructure and service longevity in low- and middle-income countries: a realist review

Nelson

Drabarek

Jenkins

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background Access to safe water and sanitation is considered a basic human right and a focus of the Sustainable Development Goals. However, many water and sanitation interventions do not have long lasting impacts in communities and are generally associated with high levels of failure. Limited information is available to understand what types of interventions work for whom and under what circumstances. Methods A realist review to understand how, and under what circumstances community engagement in water and sanitation interventions impacts access (to safe water and sanitation), change (in health status or behaviour), and sustainability (of resources and services). We systematically searched PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus databases to identify studies from low- and middle-income countries.Results We reviewed 56 studies conducted in 25 countries. We identified five mechanisms that explain access, change and sustainability outcomes: 1) accountability (policies and procedures to hold communities and committees responsible for their actions and outcomes of an initiative), 2) diffusion (spread of an idea or behaviour by innovators over time through communication amongst members of a community), 3) market (the interplay between demand and supply of a service or resource), 4) ownership (sense of possession and control of the service or resource), and 5) shame (a feeling of disgust in one’s behaviour or actions). Contextual elements identified include: community location, communities with similar characteristics, communication, leadership, fines/penalties, seasonality, resource dependency, access to resources and funding, community financial and technical skills and knowledge, leadership, ongoing support and acknowledgement of change, community connectedness and social cohesion, community willingness to pay, committees that followed and understood responsibilities, rules and management plans, active committees with women and community/committee involvement in the design, planning or implementation of the intervention. Conclusion The findings highlight five key mechanisms, impacted by 19 contextual factors that explain outcomes of community-based water and sanitation interventions. Policy makers, program implementers and institutions need to consider community dynamics, location, resources, committees and level of community involvement, prior to the introduction of community-based water and sanitation interventions.

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Community-Led Total Sanitation and the rate of latrine ownership

Cited by 17 publications

References 14 publications

Latrine Ownership and Its Determinants in Rural Villages of Tigray, Northern Ethiopia: Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study

Latrine Ownership and Its Determinants in Rural Villages of Tigray, Northern Ethiopia: Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study

Exploring barriers to the adoption and utilization of improved latrine facilities in rural Ethiopia: An Integrated Behavioral Model for Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (IBM-WASH) approach

How community engagement in water and sanitation interventions impacts human health, infrastructure and service longevity in low- and middle-income countries: a realist review

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