Community-Dwelling Adults' Perceived Versus Actual Risk of Cardiovascular Disease, Body Mass Index, and Physical Activity Levels and Related Factors

Abstract

Context: The difference between actual and perceived risk levels shows distorted risk perception. Unrealistic perceptions of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risks and insufficient knowledge about CVD risk factors can not only hinder the adoption of a positive lifestyle change but also obstruct preventive efforts. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the concordance between perceived and actual risks, body mass index (BMI), and physical activity levels. Design: This descriptive study included 522 community-dwelling adults in 2 different regions of Antalya/Turkey. The actual CVD risk level of the participants was determined using the “HeartScore program,” actual body weight was determined according to BMI, and actual activity levels were found using the “International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short Form (IPAQ-SF).” The perceived risks were measured with the CVD Risk and Risk Factors Perception Determination Questionnaire. CVD Risk Factors Knowledge Level (CARRF-KL) Scale was used to calculate the participants' level of knowledge about the risk factors. Results: There was no concordance between the participants' actual and perceived CVD risks. A below-average agreement was found between the participants' actual and perceived BMI levels. In terms of actual measurements, it was seen that slightly obese individuals have a realistic perception. There was a weak agreement between the actual and perceived physical activity levels of the adults. Knowledge about the CVD risk factors of adults does not affect the perception of CVD risk and BMI and physical activity. Conclusions: Adults have an optimistic risk perception regarding CVD risk, BMI, and physical activity levels. It may be beneficial to periodically assess actual risks to change skewed perceptions of CVD and risk factors. These findings will inform the development of tailored intervention strategies and policies for these adults.

Effects of the Omaha System- and HeartScore®-Based Impaired-Risk Perception Reduction Program on the Risk Perception of Individuals Aged 50–65 Years: A One-Group Pre-Test–Post-Test Study

“…Considering the findings of the first stage of this study, it was determined that educational status and marital status did not show a significant difference. 28 The study found that after using HeartScore® and the Omaha System interventions, the percentage of individuals with impaired CVD risk perceptions decreased from 100% to 82.6%. However, perceptions of impaired BMI increased from 49.8% to 57.7%, while perceptions of realistic BMI decreased from 50.2% to 42.3%.…”

“…27 In the first phase of this study, only one-fifth of the participants were able to accurately identify their risks, and approximately half of them overestimated their risks. 28 There are a limited number of intervention studies in the literature aimed at improving impaired CVD perception. In all three studies, the interventions were nurse-led.…”