Agriculture
Why targeting mattersExamining the relationship between selection, participation and outcomes in farmer field school programmes
February 2015
International Initiative for Impact Evaluation
About 3ieThe International Initiative for Impact Evaluation (3ie) is an international grant-making NGO promoting evidence-informed development policies and programmes. We are the global leader in funding and producing high-quality evidence of what works, how, why and at what cost. We believe that better and policy-relevant evidence will make development more effective and improve people's lives.
3ie Systematic Reviews3ie-supported and in-house reviews examine available high-quality evidence on the effects of social and economic development interventions in low-and middle-income countries. 3ie-supported systematic reviews follow scientifically recognised review methods, and are peer-reviewed and quality assured according to internationally accepted standards. Each review is independently reviewed by a subject specialist and an expert in systematic review methodology. 3ie is providing leadership in demonstrating rigorous review methodologies, such as using theory-based designs, for combining different types of evidence suited to respond to the complex and dynamic contexts and challenges of development.
About this review
All content of Why targeting matters: examining the relationship between selection, participation and outcomes in farmer field school programmes, 3ie Systematic Review 11is the sole responsibility of the authors and does not represent the opinions of 3ie, its donors or its Board of Commissioners. Any errors are the sole responsibility of the authors. The affiliations listed for this review were correct at the time the review was received, reviewed and accepted for publication. Questions or comments about this review should be directed to the corresponding author, Daniel Phillips at dphillips@3ieimpact.org.Funding for this systematic review was provided by 3ie's donors, which include UKaid, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Hewlett Foundation and 12 other 3ie members that provide institutional support. A complete listing is provided on the 3ie website. ii
AbstractFarmer field schools (FFS) are an adult education and agricultural extension approach designed to empower farmers, increase productivity and improve livelihoods. Targeting an FFS programme affects participation and participant characteristics are likely to influence programme outcomes. We systematically reviewed the literature and then carried out content analysis, meta-analysis and meta-regression analysis to explore how FFS programmes are targeted and how this affects participation and performance. We find that some FFS programmes include equity criteria, targeting the poorest and most disadvantaged farmers in a society on the grounds that they are most in need of the benefits FFS participation provides. However, many FFS programmes include effectiveness targeting criteria designed to promote the inclusion of farmers with more resources, ...