Community composition and trophic mode diversity of fungi associated with fruiting body of medicinal Sanghuangporus vaninii

Abstract

Background: The microbial symbionts of macrofungal fruiting body have been shown to play momentous roles in host growth, development, and secondary metabolism. Nevertheless, there is no report on the fungal diversity of Sanghuangporus, a medicinal and edible homologous macrofungus as “forest gold”, which has good effects on antioxidation, boosting immunity and curing stomachache. Here, the diversity and functional group of fungi associated with the fruiting body of the most widely applied S. vaninii were characterized by high-throughput sequencing and FUNGuild tool for the first time. Results: Total 11 phyla, 34 classes, 84 orders, 186 families, and 328 genera were identified in the fruiting body, and our results revealed that the fungal community was dominated by the host fungal taxonomy with absolute superiority (more than 70%), namely, Basidiomycota, Agaricomycetes, Hymenochaetales, Hymenochaetaceae, and genus of Phellinus corrected to Sanghuangporus. Simultaneously, the reads allocated into non-host fungal operational taxonomic units were largely dominated by Ascomycota, Sordariomycetes, Sordariales, Mortierellaceae, and Mortierella. Furthermore, the endophytic fungi were assigned into three trophic modes of “saprotroph” (53.2%), “symbiotroph” (32.2%), and “pathotroph” (14.1%), in which the category of “plant pathogen” was highest enriched with relative abundance of 91.8%, indicating that the endophytic fungi may have the potential to adjust the growth and metabolism of host S. vaninii. Conclusion: Altogether, this report firstly provided new findings that can be inspiring for further in-depth studies to exploit bioactive microbial resources for increased production of Sanghuangporus via coculture, as well as to explore the relationship between macrofungi and their associated endophytes.

Mycophagy: A Global Review of Interactions between Invertebrates and Fungi

“…As technology advances, researchers can utilize new cost-effective and efficient ways to identify invertebrates in sporocarps. The shift away from traditional rearing techniques to DNA metabarcoding will enhance our understanding and give us new insights into this subfield [ 104 , 105 , 106 , 107 , 108 , 109 ].…”

Research Progress of Bioactive Components in Sanghuangporus spp.

“…Species in Sanghuangporus have long been classified as Phellinus linteus , Phellinus baumii , Phellinus igniarius , or Inonotus linteus by many researchers from China and adjacent countries [ 6 , 7 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 19 , 30 , 40 , 53 , 60 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 75 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 ]. In 2021, Shen et al presented concrete proof for such misclassification in a study where they revised the ITS sequence in Genbank and clarified some taxonomical mistakes, such as redetermining I. baumii and I. vaninii as S. baumii and S. vaninii , respectively [ 80 ].…”

“…Sanghuangporus spp., also known as Phellinus or Inonotus in some of the literature and some areas worldwide, is a perennial genus of edible mushrooms widely distributed in boreal forests in East Asia, especially in subtropical and tropical areas, holding profound pharmaceutical potential [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 ]. These medicinal mushrooms, as illustrated in Figure 1 , have been popular in oral use since ancient times in countries such as China, Korea, and Japan [ 4 , 5 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 ]. The first mention could date back to approximately 2000 years ago, as the name ‘Sanger’ appeared in Shen Nong’s Materia Medica for treating gynecologic tumors taking the forms of abdominal lumps [ 2 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 ].…”

Bioclimatic Modeling of Current Geographic Distribution and Future Range Shifts of Selected Edible Mushrooms in Nigeria

“…Monitoring the reaction of fungi to climate changes in their natural habitat is difficult due to the fact that most fungi reside either on substrates or below the surface. However, a notable group of fungi, known as macrofungi, generates noticeable fruiting bodies that emerge above the soil (Ma et al, 2022). These varieties of mushrooms can be employed to record the presence of mushrooms and investigate how they respond to their environment (Martinez-Medina et al, 2021).…”