Community case management of malaria using ACT and RDT in two districts in Zambia: achieving high adherence to test results using community health workers

Chanda, Pascalina; Hamainza, Busiku; Moonga, Hawela; Chalwe, Victor; Pagnoni, Franco

doi:10.1186/1475-2875-10-158

Cited by 91 publications

(117 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Appropriate treatment according to RDT result in terms of proportion of RDT-positive and RDT-negative patients treated with ACT was reported by seven and four studies, respectively. Among these studies, appropriate treatment by the CHWs was high (median = 97.7% RDT-positive patients receiving ACT; IQR = 92.7–99.3%18,30,32–34,37 and median = 8.4% of RDT-negative patients receiving ACT; IQR = 4.6–15.5%) 18,33,34,37…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Community Health Workers and Stand-Alone or Integrated Case Management of Malaria: A Systematic Literature Review

Paintain¹,

Willey²,

Kedenge³

et al. 2014

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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A systematic literature review was conducted to assess the effectiveness of strategies to improve community case management (CCM) of malaria. Forty-three studies were included; most (38) reported indicators of community health worker (CHW) performance, 14 reported on malaria CCM integrated with other child health interventions, 16 reported on health system capacity, and 13 reported on referral. The CHWs are able to provide good quality malaria care, including performing procedures such as rapid diagnostic tests. Appropriate training, clear guidelines, and regular supportive supervision are important facilitating factors. Crucial to sustainable success of CHW programs is strengthening health system capacity to support commodity supply, supervision, and appropriate treatment of referred cases. The little evidence available on referral from community to health facility level suggests that this is an area that needs priority attention. The studies of integrated CCM suggest that additional tasks do not reduce the quality of malaria CCM provided sufficient training and supervision is maintained.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Community Health Workers and Stand-Alone or Integrated Case Management of Malaria: A Systematic Literature Review

Paintain¹,

Willey²,

Kedenge³

et al. 2014

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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“…To avoid malaria mortality, treatment must begin as soon as possible, generally within 24 hours after the onset of symptoms. Additionally, communities should be aware of the importance of seeking prompt diagnosis and treatment (Chanda et al, 2011).…”

Section: Articlementioning

confidence: 99%

Modelling homogeneous regions of social vulnerability to malaria in Rwanda

Bizimana¹,

Kienberger²,

Hagenlocher³

et al. 2016

Geospat Health

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Despite the decline in malaria incidence due to intense interventions, potentials for malaria transmission persist in Rwanda. To eradicate malaria in Rwanda, strategies need to expand beyond approaches that focus solely on malaria epidemiology and also consider the socioeconomic, demographic and biological/disease-related factors that determine the vulnerability of potentially exposed populations. This paper analyses current levels of social vulnerability to malaria in Rwanda by integrating a set of weighted vulnerability indicators. The paper uses regionalisation techniques as a spatially explicit approach for delineating homogeneous regions of social vulnerability to malaria. This overcomes the limitations of administrative boundaries for modelling the trans-boundary social vulnerability to malaria. The utilised approach revealed high levels of social vulnerability to malaria in the highland areas of Rwanda, as well as in remote areas where populations are more susceptible. Susceptibility may be due to the populations' lacking the capacity to anticipate mosquito bites, or lacking resilience to cope with or recover from malaria infection. By highlighting the most influential indicators of social vulnerability to malaria, the applied approach indicates which vulnerability domains need to be addressed, and where appropriate interventions are most required. Interventions to improve the socioeconomic development in highly vulnerable areas could prove highly effective, and provide sustainable outcomes against malaria in Rwanda. This would ultimately increase the resilience of the population and their capacity to better anticipate, cope with, and recover from possible infection. IntroductionDespite various interventions to reduce the burden of malaria, the disease persists in many countries of the developing world. In 2012 there were approximately 562,000 malaria deaths in Africa, despite a slow decline since 2004 (WHO, 2014. Malaria decrease in Sub-Saharan Africa was generally associated with intense interventions and reduced vector density due to changing rainfall patterns (Meyrowitsch et al., 2011). Although considerable progress has been made in many countries, the general malaria burden remains high, particularly in young children and pregnant women (Roll Back Malaria, 2005). The Plasmodium (P.) falciparum prevalence rates in Rwanda increased until the late 1990s and early 2000s, after which a marked decrease was noted (Stern et al., 2011). Since 2004, interventions to prevent and control malaria in Rwanda have resulted in a substantial decline in malaria transmission, particularly as a result of improved access to effective treatment, increased use of bed nets, and indoor residual spraying (Karema et al., 2012). However, malaria incidence increased again between 2011 and 2012, revealing the fragility of the gains achieved (WHO, 2013). The results of an entomological survey of more than 50% exophile entomological inoculation rate (EIR) around Kigali City is also an indicator of potential transmission ga...

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“…According to existing literature (Chanda, Hamainza, Moonga, Chalwe, & Pagnoni, 2011;Graham, English, Hazir, Enarson, & Duke, 2008) there is no agreed consensus on the rate of adherence to CCM guidelines by frontline health workers in developing countries. This stakeholder analysis corroborates this analysis as our findings reveal that the village register entries are perceived to be incomplete, but a dearth of evidence exists which focuses on quantifying the assessment of adherence to the actual guidelines.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stakeholders perspectives on paper-based and electronic clinical decision support systems in Malawi Africa

Connor

Ryan

Hardy

et al. 2016

Journal of Decision Systems

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The objective of this paper is to explore the perceptions of key stakeholders involved and/or affected by existing paper-based decision support guidelines (known as Community Case Management (CCM)) and a proposed digitised mobile clinical decision support system (CDSS) of CCM in rural settings of Malawi, Africa. Data was collected using field notes and semi-structured interviews with 17 key stakeholders (i.e. clinical, technical, development aid support (NGO), government and community health workers both in Malawi, Europe and USA). Stakeholders provide a rich insight into the variety of both perceived benefits and challenges of the existing guidelines and the proposed electronic CDSS. It was found that all stakeholders believe that the CDSS will improve adherence to guidelines and subsequently result in better care for children. It is further envisioned that the time needed for administration with the current paper-based approach could be reduced using electronic, as opposed to manual, collation and sending of records. This paper acts to underpin the rationale and motivation for the development and rollout of an electronic CDSS to support community health workers in their assessment, classification and treatment of young children in rural settings in Malawi, Africa.

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Community case management of malaria using ACT and RDT in two districts in Zambia: achieving high adherence to test results using community health workers

Cited by 91 publications

References 18 publications

Community Health Workers and Stand-Alone or Integrated Case Management of Malaria: A Systematic Literature Review

Community Health Workers and Stand-Alone or Integrated Case Management of Malaria: A Systematic Literature Review

Modelling homogeneous regions of social vulnerability to malaria in Rwanda

Stakeholders perspectives on paper-based and electronic clinical decision support systems in Malawi Africa

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