Community-based tourism (TourDure) experience program: a theoretical approach

The Post-Coronavirus World in the International Tourism Industry: Application of the Theory of Planned Behavior to Safer Destination Choices in the Case of US Outbound Tourism

“…This result implies that US travelers’ perceived knowledge of COVID-19 contributed to fortifying the power of the existing sociopsychological theory when predicting their post-pandemic travel intentions for safer international tourism destinations. Even though considerable efforts were made regarding travelers’ destination choice behaviors [ 14 , 20 , 26 , 47 , 48 , 49 ], the criticality of travelers’ perceived knowledge of COVID-19 and its effects on their safer destination choices have been rarely uncovered. This research is, hence, meaningful with both theoretical and practical manners, because our results provided critical information about the essential role of travelers’ knowledge/awareness of the particular disease to elucidate their intention generation process for international destination choices.…”

“…Undeniably, the TPB is also a commonly applied theory in the tourism domain to explicate travelers’ decision-making processes and behaviors [ 10 , 12 , 24 ]. The important aspect of these types of decision formations and behaviors comprise the tourism destination choices [ 12 , 14 ]. Thus, the utilization of the TPB is often considered to be efficient in a wide range of destination selection processes and behaviors [ 8 , 21 , 24 ].…”

“…The attitude toward the behavior and the subjective norm are the constituents of the volitional process, whereas the perceived behavioral control is the major factor of the nonvolitional process [ 13 , 19 ]. The TPB framework posits that the behavioral intention is the most proximal determinant of the actual behavior [ 14 , 16 ] and that this intention is built based on the attitude toward the behavior, the subjective norm, and the perceived behavioral control [ 21 ]. In other words, the individuals’ intention develops through volitional and nonvolitional procedures in a simultaneous manner [ 16 , 24 ].…”

“…Many researchers in tourism, social psychology, and consumer behavior agree that investigating the underlying factors that lead to travelers’ particular intentions/behaviors, which consider volitional (social and attitudinal) and nonvolitional constituents, provides clear insights into travelers’ decision-making process for a destination/product/service/brand [ 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 ]. Accordingly, the conceptual framework from the present research is derived from the theory of planned behavior (TPB) [ 13 , 14 ]. These types of volitional and nonvolitional dimensions are the key components of the TPB [ 15 , 16 , 17 ].…”

“…These types of volitional and nonvolitional dimensions are the key components of the TPB [ 15 , 16 , 17 ]. This sociopsychological theory has a strong prediction power for a broad range of traveler behaviors, which assist researchers and practitioners to better understand the traveler decision formations for these types of behaviors [ 14 , 15 , 18 ].…”