Community Acquired Pneumonia and Cardiac Diseases: A Fatal Association

Abstract

Community acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a common condition and attributes to a significant amount of mortality and morbidity. In the United States of America, it is estimated that 5-6 million people suffer from CAP, 1.1 million people require to be admitted to hospitals and 60,000 deaths occur per year. 1,2 Recent studies have documented major cardiac complications in patients with CAP, particularly in patients requiring hospitalisation. 3 Multiple epidemiological studies [4][5][6][7] demonstrate that respiratory tract infections are associated with an increased risk for the development of an acute cardiac event (ACE). Thus, CAP and cardiac diseases are mutually aggravating conditions. There is a surge of interest in the association between major cardiac conditions and CAP, and therefore, the present study was done. Material and MethodsThis was an observational study where we did a retrospective analysis of patients admitted with CAP between January 2011 and January 2012 at our tertiary care referral centre, in Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.We studied patients with the association of CAP and ACE on admission or any patient with CAP on admission, developing ACE after 48 to 72 hours of hospital stay. The patients who were admitted in the hospital with ACE but developed a CAP after 48 to 72

Systematic review and meta-analysis of comorbidities and associated risk factors in Indian patients of community-acquired pneumonia

“…In all, 772 citations were identified after removing the duplicates. A total of 23 studies 8–30 were included in the qualitative synthesis of which 22 studies reporting different comorbidities 8–29 were considered for the quantitative synthesis of CAP patients with comorbidities and 18 studies 8–10,12–17,20–22,25–30 reporting various risk factors were utilized for identifying the associated risk factors. Table 1 represents the characteristics of the studies included in the analysis.…”

“…The forest plot showed a significant degree of heterogeneity (Figure 3). 8,9,11,12,17,20–23,26,27,29…”

“…Mortality in CAP patients was reported in 16 studies and ranged between 2.0% and 38% of patients. 8–10,12–14,16,17,20,21,23–26,28,29…”

“…The duration of hospital stay for CAP patients was observed in six studies and ranged from 4.8 to 9.8 days. 8,12,13,16,19,21…”

“…The forest plot showed a significant degree of heterogeneity (Figure 3). 8,9,11,12,17,[20][21][22][23]26,27,29 Diabetes mellitus. Overall, patients were included in the analysis from 22 studies.…”